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Abstract <p>Parthenocarpy, the development of fruits without fertilization is an important trait in vegetable crops for ensuring stable yield and fruit quality under environmental conditions that adversely affect pollination and fertilization. It has been extensively studied in solanaceous (Tomato and eggplant) and cucurbitaceous (Cucumber and watermelon) crops. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying parthenocarpic fruit development in vegetable crops. Available evidence indicates that auxin acts as the primary trigger of fertilization-independent fruit set by stimulating ovary growth, cell division and fruit development through downstream signaling pathways. Gibberellins and cytokinins function as key cooperators through extensive crosstalk with auxin pathways, whereas ethylene predominantly suppresses fruit initiation. Recent advances in QTL mapping, transcriptomics and functional genomics studies have identified diverse hormone biosynthesis genes, signaling components and transcription factors that are involved in parthenocarpy regulation, revealing both conserved and crop-specific regulatory mechanisms. Emerging evidence further highlights the contribution of sugar signaling to ovary sink establishment and its interaction with hormone-responsive pathways during fruit set. Comparative analyses suggest that, while common hormonal modules regulate parthenocarpic development across species, substantial variation exists in downstream regulatory networks among crops. Recent advances in genome editing and multi-omics approaches provide new opportunities to dissect regulatory pathways and accelerate the development of climate-resilient parthenocarpic vegetable cultivars.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Molecular mechanisms and gene regulation of hormone-induced parthenocarpy in vegetable crops

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月19日

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  • Gurpreet Kaur,
  • Rajinder Kumar Dhall,
  • Pooja Manchanda,
  • Neha Rana,
  • Neha Verma,
  • Priyanka Kumari,
  • Megha Sharma

摘要

Abstract

Parthenocarpy, the development of fruits without fertilization is an important trait in vegetable crops for ensuring stable yield and fruit quality under environmental conditions that adversely affect pollination and fertilization. It has been extensively studied in solanaceous (Tomato and eggplant) and cucurbitaceous (Cucumber and watermelon) crops. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the physiological, hormonal and molecular mechanisms underlying parthenocarpic fruit development in vegetable crops. Available evidence indicates that auxin acts as the primary trigger of fertilization-independent fruit set by stimulating ovary growth, cell division and fruit development through downstream signaling pathways. Gibberellins and cytokinins function as key cooperators through extensive crosstalk with auxin pathways, whereas ethylene predominantly suppresses fruit initiation. Recent advances in QTL mapping, transcriptomics and functional genomics studies have identified diverse hormone biosynthesis genes, signaling components and transcription factors that are involved in parthenocarpy regulation, revealing both conserved and crop-specific regulatory mechanisms. Emerging evidence further highlights the contribution of sugar signaling to ovary sink establishment and its interaction with hormone-responsive pathways during fruit set. Comparative analyses suggest that, while common hormonal modules regulate parthenocarpic development across species, substantial variation exists in downstream regulatory networks among crops. Recent advances in genome editing and multi-omics approaches provide new opportunities to dissect regulatory pathways and accelerate the development of climate-resilient parthenocarpic vegetable cultivars.

Graphical Abstract