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<p>Barley (<i>Hordeum vulgare</i> L. ssp. <i>vulgare</i>) is the fourth most important cereal crop worldwide, with extensive genetic diversity supporting its adaptability and diverse uses in animal feed, malting, and human consumption. This review analyzes barley breeding systems across developed and developing countries using the Human Development Index (HDI) as a framework to examine how differences in infrastructure, investment, and regulatory capacity shape technological adoption. In resource-constrained environments, breeding programs rely primarily on the exploitation of natural variation and phenotypic selection under local agroecological conditions, prioritizing resilience and yield stability in marginal areas. In contrast, high-capacity settings have progressively integrated modern breeding approaches, including doubled haploids, marker-assisted selection, and genomic prediction, enabling accelerated genetic gain and the development of specialized industrial traits. However, precision breeding technologies, such as transgenesis and CRISPR-based genome editing, have so far contributed mainly to gene discovery and functional validation in barley, although commercial cultivar releases are expected in the coming years. Analysis of global research patterns reveals persistent but evolving asymmetries in technology adoption, indicating that reducing disparities depends on strengthening local capacity to integrate and sustain innovation within breeding systems.</p>

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Resource constraints and technological asymmetries in barley breeding across developed and developing countries

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月22日

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  • Julio Armando Massange-Sánchez,
  • Samuel Madera-González,
  • Claus Krogh Madsen

摘要

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L. ssp. vulgare) is the fourth most important cereal crop worldwide, with extensive genetic diversity supporting its adaptability and diverse uses in animal feed, malting, and human consumption. This review analyzes barley breeding systems across developed and developing countries using the Human Development Index (HDI) as a framework to examine how differences in infrastructure, investment, and regulatory capacity shape technological adoption. In resource-constrained environments, breeding programs rely primarily on the exploitation of natural variation and phenotypic selection under local agroecological conditions, prioritizing resilience and yield stability in marginal areas. In contrast, high-capacity settings have progressively integrated modern breeding approaches, including doubled haploids, marker-assisted selection, and genomic prediction, enabling accelerated genetic gain and the development of specialized industrial traits. However, precision breeding technologies, such as transgenesis and CRISPR-based genome editing, have so far contributed mainly to gene discovery and functional validation in barley, although commercial cultivar releases are expected in the coming years. Analysis of global research patterns reveals persistent but evolving asymmetries in technology adoption, indicating that reducing disparities depends on strengthening local capacity to integrate and sustain innovation within breeding systems.