<p><i>Camelina sativa</i> (L.) is a re-emerging oilseed crop from the <i>Brassicaceae</i>, and has attracted global interest as a low-input, climate-resilient source of edible and industrial oil. Limited information exists on how traits determine seed yield in camelina, so understanding the interrelationships is needed for identifying selection indices in breeding programs. This research aimed to explore the relationships among phenological, morphological, and yield-related traits of camelina through genotypic correlation and path coefficient analyses. Twenty-three camelina accessions from Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Germany, were evaluated during 2024 and 2025. Phenological and agronomical traits were measured, and genotypic correlation and path analyses were used to determine direct and indirect effects of traits on seed yield. Seed yield indicated positive associations with reproductive traits, particularly pods per lateral branch, seeds per lateral pod, and thousand-seed weight, while phenological traits such as flowering and maturity contributed indirectly. Some flowering and branching traits showed unfavorable or indirect negative effects on yield. The results indicated that yield determination in camelina follows sequential causal chains in which branching and pod formation precede seed development and weight accumulation. Seed yield in camelina is controlled by pod- and seed-related traits, whereas phenological and vegetative characteristics act through indirect paths. Selection focused on reproductive and yield-component traits will be most effective for enhancing productivity of camelina.</p>