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<p>Classifying maize inbred lines into distinct heterotic groups is a fundamental step in maize breeding programs. In this study, 1,068 testcrosses were evaluated using a&#xa0;partially replicated design with a row-column arrangement across four environments in Ethiopia during the 2022 main cropping season. The data were analyzed using Factor Analytic mixed models revealed that the two factors explained 97.28% of the total variance in Genotype by Environment effects. Dendrogram and heatmap analysis showed the trials were highly correlated across four locations. Consequently, the selection of high-performing hybrids relies on Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) averaged across four correlated environments. Ten testcrossed hybrids were exhibited superior mean yield performance (7.72–8.34 t ha⁻<sup>1</sup>), providing yield advantages of 19.13–28.70% over the hybrid check. Breeding values (additive genetic effect) and specific combining ability (non-additive genetic effect)&#xa0;were predicted&#xa0;using a Pedigree-BLUP approach&#xa0;fitted with&#xa0;factor analytic linear mixed models. Based on specific combining ability effects and mean testcross yields, the yellow maize inbred lines were classified into three heterotic pools. Of the 533 inbred lines, 95 were classified into heterotic group A (tester BKL003), 84 into group B (tester BKL004), and 121 into a both heterotic group; the remaining lines were unclassified. The unclassified inbred lines require further testing using additional testers and molecular markers to classify into refined heterotic groups. However, we recommend that inbred lines classified into opposing heterotic groups (A vs. B) be utilized to develop biofortified hybrids, while lines within the same group, particularly those exhibiting high breeding values, are valuable for recycling efforts to generate new sources of yellow maize inbred lines.</p>

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Heterotic grouping of yellow maize inbred lines and test cross performance of hybrids for yield and other agronomic trait

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月10日

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  • Belay Garoma,
  • Kassahun Bante,
  • Girum Azmach,
  • Abebe Menkir

摘要

Classifying maize inbred lines into distinct heterotic groups is a fundamental step in maize breeding programs. In this study, 1,068 testcrosses were evaluated using a partially replicated design with a row-column arrangement across four environments in Ethiopia during the 2022 main cropping season. The data were analyzed using Factor Analytic mixed models revealed that the two factors explained 97.28% of the total variance in Genotype by Environment effects. Dendrogram and heatmap analysis showed the trials were highly correlated across four locations. Consequently, the selection of high-performing hybrids relies on Best Linear Unbiased Predictions (BLUPs) averaged across four correlated environments. Ten testcrossed hybrids were exhibited superior mean yield performance (7.72–8.34 t ha⁻1), providing yield advantages of 19.13–28.70% over the hybrid check. Breeding values (additive genetic effect) and specific combining ability (non-additive genetic effect) were predicted using a Pedigree-BLUP approach fitted with factor analytic linear mixed models. Based on specific combining ability effects and mean testcross yields, the yellow maize inbred lines were classified into three heterotic pools. Of the 533 inbred lines, 95 were classified into heterotic group A (tester BKL003), 84 into group B (tester BKL004), and 121 into a both heterotic group; the remaining lines were unclassified. The unclassified inbred lines require further testing using additional testers and molecular markers to classify into refined heterotic groups. However, we recommend that inbred lines classified into opposing heterotic groups (A vs. B) be utilized to develop biofortified hybrids, while lines within the same group, particularly those exhibiting high breeding values, are valuable for recycling efforts to generate new sources of yellow maize inbred lines.