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<p><i>Chenopodium quinoa</i> Willd. is a climate-resilient pseudocereal valued for its nutritional quality and adaptability. However, genetic improvement through recombination breeding is hindered by inefficient hybridization techniques and limited tools for verifying hybridity. This study evaluated four artificial hybridization treatments derived from three emasculation methods—hand emasculation, hot-water pollen sterilization, and gibberellic acid (GA₃) application—alongside a bagging-assisted open pollination approach. Treatments were assessed for emasculation success across three replications. ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among treatments (F = 195.84, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), with a coefficient of variation of 16.81%, indicating acceptable precision. Hand emasculation was the most effective, yielding a mean success rate of 50.85%. GA₃ at 60&#xa0;ppm and 90&#xa0;ppm, and hot water at 40&#xa0;°C, 45&#xa0;°C, and 50&#xa0;°C, showed lower yet noteworthy success rates. Specifically, GA₃ 90&#xa0;ppm achieved 7.11%, and hot water at 45&#xa0;°C achieved 14.69%. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) revealed statistically 5 distinct groupings, though some treatments with lower means showed proximity, suggesting potential for optimization. Flower pigmentation proved useful for preliminary hybrid identification, and hybridity was further confirmed using microsatellite (SSR) markers. Despite the small floral structure of quinoa, the findings demonstrate that effective crossing methods can enhance hybridization success. While hand emasculation remains superior, the physiological responsiveness of quinoa floral tissues to GA₃ and thermal treatments indicates that—with further standardization in dosage, application timing, and exposure—these techniques could be refined into viable, less labor-intensive alternatives.</p>

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Standardization of different techniques for the rapid production of F1 hybrids in Chenopodium quinoa

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月8日

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  • Preeti Sagar,
  • Suchismita Chatterjee,
  • Dinesh Chandra Joshi,
  • Jitendra Kumar Tiwari

摘要

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. is a climate-resilient pseudocereal valued for its nutritional quality and adaptability. However, genetic improvement through recombination breeding is hindered by inefficient hybridization techniques and limited tools for verifying hybridity. This study evaluated four artificial hybridization treatments derived from three emasculation methods—hand emasculation, hot-water pollen sterilization, and gibberellic acid (GA₃) application—alongside a bagging-assisted open pollination approach. Treatments were assessed for emasculation success across three replications. ANOVA revealed highly significant differences among treatments (F = 195.84, p < 0.05), with a coefficient of variation of 16.81%, indicating acceptable precision. Hand emasculation was the most effective, yielding a mean success rate of 50.85%. GA₃ at 60 ppm and 90 ppm, and hot water at 40 °C, 45 °C, and 50 °C, showed lower yet noteworthy success rates. Specifically, GA₃ 90 ppm achieved 7.11%, and hot water at 45 °C achieved 14.69%. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) revealed statistically 5 distinct groupings, though some treatments with lower means showed proximity, suggesting potential for optimization. Flower pigmentation proved useful for preliminary hybrid identification, and hybridity was further confirmed using microsatellite (SSR) markers. Despite the small floral structure of quinoa, the findings demonstrate that effective crossing methods can enhance hybridization success. While hand emasculation remains superior, the physiological responsiveness of quinoa floral tissues to GA₃ and thermal treatments indicates that—with further standardization in dosage, application timing, and exposure—these techniques could be refined into viable, less labor-intensive alternatives.