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<p>Existing reviews of the constructed wetland and phytoremediation literature have documented the recurring dominance of certain system configurations, plant species, substrate materials, and wastewater types over several decades, primarily through descriptive cataloguing of system components and reported performances. However, none of these studies has systematically examined whether these historically dominant patterns persist in the most recent experimental literature, nor what their implications are for the accumulation of cumulative, comparable, and design-relevant knowledge. This study addresses this gap through a PRISMA-based systematic review of 31 peer-reviewed studies published from 2020 to 2024, treating the research field itself as the object of analysis. Temporal dominance analysis, Sankey transition mapping, Shannon diversity indices, and a cross-dimensional co-occurrence analysis are integrated across four simultaneous dimensions: system configurations, plant species, substrate materials, and wastewater types. The analysis reveals that 72.2% of recorded experimental entries are organized around a single dominant configuration cluster such as constructed wetland-based systems combined with conventional gravel-sand substrates, dominant emergent macrophytes, and simplified wastewater matrices, demonstrating that historically dominant patterns continue to structure the most recent experimental literature. A diversity-consolidation paradox is identified. Episodic diversification is observed across all dimensions, yet newly introduced configurations consistently fail to recur in subsequent studies, preventing the accumulation of comparable performance evidence. These structural patterns reflect methodological path dependence and constrain the development of transferable, design-relevant knowledge within the period examined. These structural lock-ins are further sustained by technical, economic, social, and geographical barriers. Future research should prioritize longitudinal comparative frameworks, standardized reporting protocols, and locally grounded research in underrepresented regions to support the transition of vegetative biofiltration toward engineering-relevant design knowledge.</p>

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Vegetative biofiltration systems for heavy metal removal from wastewater: a system-level review of recent technological advancement and challenges for knowledge consolidation and design transferability (2020–2024)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Cossi Irénée Amenoudji,
  • Mhamed Zineddine,
  • Ahmed El Hilali Alaoui

摘要

Existing reviews of the constructed wetland and phytoremediation literature have documented the recurring dominance of certain system configurations, plant species, substrate materials, and wastewater types over several decades, primarily through descriptive cataloguing of system components and reported performances. However, none of these studies has systematically examined whether these historically dominant patterns persist in the most recent experimental literature, nor what their implications are for the accumulation of cumulative, comparable, and design-relevant knowledge. This study addresses this gap through a PRISMA-based systematic review of 31 peer-reviewed studies published from 2020 to 2024, treating the research field itself as the object of analysis. Temporal dominance analysis, Sankey transition mapping, Shannon diversity indices, and a cross-dimensional co-occurrence analysis are integrated across four simultaneous dimensions: system configurations, plant species, substrate materials, and wastewater types. The analysis reveals that 72.2% of recorded experimental entries are organized around a single dominant configuration cluster such as constructed wetland-based systems combined with conventional gravel-sand substrates, dominant emergent macrophytes, and simplified wastewater matrices, demonstrating that historically dominant patterns continue to structure the most recent experimental literature. A diversity-consolidation paradox is identified. Episodic diversification is observed across all dimensions, yet newly introduced configurations consistently fail to recur in subsequent studies, preventing the accumulation of comparable performance evidence. These structural patterns reflect methodological path dependence and constrain the development of transferable, design-relevant knowledge within the period examined. These structural lock-ins are further sustained by technical, economic, social, and geographical barriers. Future research should prioritize longitudinal comparative frameworks, standardized reporting protocols, and locally grounded research in underrepresented regions to support the transition of vegetative biofiltration toward engineering-relevant design knowledge.