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<p>Addressing mental health has become a global priority for countries, as it affects not only individuals but entire societies. Given that people spend most of their time in urban environments, understanding the relationship between the urban built environment and mental health is crucial. Although previous research has primarily focused on the relationship between the built environment and mental health, key indicators and their spatial variations at the city scale remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by using the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) model in Mental Modeler software and GIS-based spatial analyses across the 22 municipal districts of Tehran. Additionally, the Analytical Network Process - Alternatives with Weights of Criterion (ANP-RAWEC) method, an innovative multi-criteria decision-making model not previously applied in urban studies, was used to rank districts and reveal differences in the built environment. The FCM results identified access to healthcare services (14.33), housing (13.41), public transportation stations (12.73), green spaces (12.20), and shopping centers (12.09) as the most influential built environment indicators. The ANP-RAWEC results showed that northern districts ranked higher than southern, southeastern, and western districts, with District 2 (RAWEC = 0.558) achieving the highest performance and District 17 (RAWEC = − 0.341) among the lowest. These spatial disparities are primarily attributable to the unequal distribution and development of built environment indicators. The findings of this study emphasize the need to prioritize equity-oriented interventions, optimize resource allocation, and implement targeted actions in deprived districts to reduce spatial inequalities in the distribution of health-supportive urban infrastructure and services.</p>

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Identification and spatial analysis of key built environment indicators on mental health

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月28日

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  • Seyed Mostafa Hedayatnezhad Kashi,
  • Mehdi Khakzand,
  • Keramatollah Ziari,
  • Sarfaraz Hashemkhani Zolfani

摘要

Addressing mental health has become a global priority for countries, as it affects not only individuals but entire societies. Given that people spend most of their time in urban environments, understanding the relationship between the urban built environment and mental health is crucial. Although previous research has primarily focused on the relationship between the built environment and mental health, key indicators and their spatial variations at the city scale remain underexplored. This study addresses this gap by using the Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping (FCM) model in Mental Modeler software and GIS-based spatial analyses across the 22 municipal districts of Tehran. Additionally, the Analytical Network Process - Alternatives with Weights of Criterion (ANP-RAWEC) method, an innovative multi-criteria decision-making model not previously applied in urban studies, was used to rank districts and reveal differences in the built environment. The FCM results identified access to healthcare services (14.33), housing (13.41), public transportation stations (12.73), green spaces (12.20), and shopping centers (12.09) as the most influential built environment indicators. The ANP-RAWEC results showed that northern districts ranked higher than southern, southeastern, and western districts, with District 2 (RAWEC = 0.558) achieving the highest performance and District 17 (RAWEC = − 0.341) among the lowest. These spatial disparities are primarily attributable to the unequal distribution and development of built environment indicators. The findings of this study emphasize the need to prioritize equity-oriented interventions, optimize resource allocation, and implement targeted actions in deprived districts to reduce spatial inequalities in the distribution of health-supportive urban infrastructure and services.