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<p><i>Pistacia atlantica</i> Desf. is a keystone species in the Zagros forests of Iran, with considerable ecological and economic significance. However, it faces numerous challenges, including excessive pressure from traditional resin (mastic) harvesting practices, severely limited natural regeneration, and adverse climatic conditions characterized by increasing variability and fluctuations. This study investigates the impacts of climate change and variability on the diameter increment (DI) of <i>Pistacia atlantica</i> trees in tapped and untapped stands in Javanrud County, Kermanshah Province, Iran, using tree-ring data and 23 climatic variables from 1951 to 2023. Spearman correlation and trend analyses revealed that water-related variables, particularly precipitation (<i>r</i> = 0.62–0.70, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01) and soil moisture (<i>r</i> = 0.38–0.52, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), are primary drivers of DI in tapped stands, while untapped stands exhibit stronger responses to temperature (<i>r</i> = 0.74–0.76, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) and light availability (<i>r</i> = 0.62, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). Tapped trees showed heightened sensitivity to water availability due to resin extraction stress, whereas untapped trees relied more on soil moisture reserves. Despite increasing aridity, DI increased significantly in both stands (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001), indicating resilience. These findings underscore the need for adaptive management strategies, such as enhanced water conservation and sustainable tapping practices, to ensure the persistence of <i>P. atlantica</i> under climate change. Future research should explore variable interactions and local soil properties to refine diameter increment predictions.</p>

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Impacts of climate change and variability on diameter increment of Pistacia atlantica Desf. in tapped and untapped stands of the Zagros Forests, Iran

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月28日

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  • Loghman Ghahramany,
  • Kamran Chapi,
  • Zahed Shakeri

摘要

Pistacia atlantica Desf. is a keystone species in the Zagros forests of Iran, with considerable ecological and economic significance. However, it faces numerous challenges, including excessive pressure from traditional resin (mastic) harvesting practices, severely limited natural regeneration, and adverse climatic conditions characterized by increasing variability and fluctuations. This study investigates the impacts of climate change and variability on the diameter increment (DI) of Pistacia atlantica trees in tapped and untapped stands in Javanrud County, Kermanshah Province, Iran, using tree-ring data and 23 climatic variables from 1951 to 2023. Spearman correlation and trend analyses revealed that water-related variables, particularly precipitation (r = 0.62–0.70, p < 0.01) and soil moisture (r = 0.38–0.52, p < 0.05), are primary drivers of DI in tapped stands, while untapped stands exhibit stronger responses to temperature (r = 0.74–0.76, p < 0.05) and light availability (r = 0.62, p < 0.01). Tapped trees showed heightened sensitivity to water availability due to resin extraction stress, whereas untapped trees relied more on soil moisture reserves. Despite increasing aridity, DI increased significantly in both stands (p < 0.001), indicating resilience. These findings underscore the need for adaptive management strategies, such as enhanced water conservation and sustainable tapping practices, to ensure the persistence of P. atlantica under climate change. Future research should explore variable interactions and local soil properties to refine diameter increment predictions.