<p>As data-driven governance expands, computing infrastructure (COMP) has become increasingly relevant for supporting transboundary water pollution control (TWPC). Using matched data on water quality monitoring stations and cities in China from 2007 to 2022, the rollout of COMP serves as a quasi-natural experiment to analyze the association between COMP and TWPC. Empirical findings show that the expansion of COMP helps improve TWPC. This relationship remains robust across multiple robustness checks. Heterogeneity analysis shows that this association tends to be stronger in central and western regions, as well as in midstream and downstream sections of river basins. Spatial analysis suggests that COMP is linked not only to improvements in local TWPC but also to enhanced governance performance in neighboring areas through spatial spillover effects. Mechanism analysis further indicates that these improvements are related to two coordination processes, involving enhanced collaborative governance across the central authorities, local authorities and high-water-consuming enterprises, as well as improved coordination between pollution control and economic growth objectives. This study provides empirical evidence on the contribution of COMP to addressing TWPC and sheds new light on integrated river basin governance.</p>