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<p>Carbon-water-food (CWF) ecosystems face intensifying degradation pressures from climate change and human activities, requiring urgent and scientifically robust ecological conservation strategies. However, existing conservation methods suffer from three gaps: single-dimension importance-only assessments, fragmented single-system approaches, and linear response assumptions, which collectively undermine conservation effectiveness in complex CWF systems. This study constructs a systematic MIPTR (multi-dimensional identification-integrated protection-threshold restoration) framework using InVEST, minimum cumulative resistance (MCR), and generalized additive model (GAM) to comprehensively identify and optimize CWF conservation and restoration areas in China’s Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results are as follows: (1) pronounced spatial heterogeneity exists across the basin, with CWF conservation areas encompassing 312,804&#xa0;km² (42.45% of the YRB) predominantly clustered in the northern and southern regions, whereas restoration areas span 253,746&#xa0;km² (34.43%) and are mainly distributed throughout the central basin; (2) optimization strategies markedly improved conservation efficiency by focusing on 65 core ecological sources (covering 104,251.17&#xa0;km²) connected by 133 ecological corridors, thereby enhancing landscape connectivity; (3) GAM analysis further identified critical intervention thresholds, including vegetation coverage above 0.68 and precipitation below 0.15, to inform targeted restoration efforts; and (4) notable gaps exist in existing conservation area networks, with nature reserves safeguarding only 30.49% of the identified priority areas. To promote sustainable CWF ecological management, we recommend adopting a “two-belts, two-zones, four-groups” spatial conservation pattern, implementing threshold-based differentiated management strategies, and bolstering ecological connectivity through targeted interventions in high-resistance zones.</p>

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An integrated framework for identifying and optimizing carbon-water-food ecological conservation and restoration areas

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月6日

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  • Ping Yu,
  • Dan Xia,
  • Ling Zhang

摘要

Carbon-water-food (CWF) ecosystems face intensifying degradation pressures from climate change and human activities, requiring urgent and scientifically robust ecological conservation strategies. However, existing conservation methods suffer from three gaps: single-dimension importance-only assessments, fragmented single-system approaches, and linear response assumptions, which collectively undermine conservation effectiveness in complex CWF systems. This study constructs a systematic MIPTR (multi-dimensional identification-integrated protection-threshold restoration) framework using InVEST, minimum cumulative resistance (MCR), and generalized additive model (GAM) to comprehensively identify and optimize CWF conservation and restoration areas in China’s Yellow River Basin (YRB). The results are as follows: (1) pronounced spatial heterogeneity exists across the basin, with CWF conservation areas encompassing 312,804 km² (42.45% of the YRB) predominantly clustered in the northern and southern regions, whereas restoration areas span 253,746 km² (34.43%) and are mainly distributed throughout the central basin; (2) optimization strategies markedly improved conservation efficiency by focusing on 65 core ecological sources (covering 104,251.17 km²) connected by 133 ecological corridors, thereby enhancing landscape connectivity; (3) GAM analysis further identified critical intervention thresholds, including vegetation coverage above 0.68 and precipitation below 0.15, to inform targeted restoration efforts; and (4) notable gaps exist in existing conservation area networks, with nature reserves safeguarding only 30.49% of the identified priority areas. To promote sustainable CWF ecological management, we recommend adopting a “two-belts, two-zones, four-groups” spatial conservation pattern, implementing threshold-based differentiated management strategies, and bolstering ecological connectivity through targeted interventions in high-resistance zones.