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<p>Nowadays, the importance of the environment has become of great importance. As a result, nations are trying to reduce their destructive impact on nature. In this context, they are exploring measures to ensure that economic endeavors generate minimal pollution. This study aims to achieve two&#xa0;Objectives:&#xa0;firstly, to examine the factors influencing the Kuznets curve in both linear and circular economies; secondly, to compare the turning point of the Kuznets curve between the two economic models. Utilizing the Kuznets curve hypothesis, we asspolicyessed the environmental implications of various types of packaging waste as indicators of the circular economy. The findings indicate that the Kuznets hypothesis holds true for both linear and circular economies, except in model 5. The characteristic inverted U-shaped correlation known as the environmental Kuznets curve is validated here. The turning point of the curve was determined for all regression models in both circular and linear economies. The data regarding the return point revealed that the economy reaches the point of return sooner in a circular state compared to a linear one, as it can be inferred from the definition of the circular economy that its economic activities aim for environmental sustainability. Thus, policymakers should explore avenues to reduce pollution stemming from metal recycling processes. Secondly, findings suggest that the Kuznets curve’s turning point is reached sooner in a circular economy, implying that improved environmental quality can be achieved with lower economic growth rates within this framework. Therefore, countries should implement more incentivizing legislation to encourage enterprises to adopt recycling practices more extensively.</p>

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Kuznets curve in circular economy vs. linear economy? evidence from European countries: with emphasis on types of packaging waste

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月13日

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  • Somayeh Avazdahandeh,
  • Mohammad Nabi Shahiki Tash

摘要

Nowadays, the importance of the environment has become of great importance. As a result, nations are trying to reduce their destructive impact on nature. In this context, they are exploring measures to ensure that economic endeavors generate minimal pollution. This study aims to achieve two Objectives: firstly, to examine the factors influencing the Kuznets curve in both linear and circular economies; secondly, to compare the turning point of the Kuznets curve between the two economic models. Utilizing the Kuznets curve hypothesis, we asspolicyessed the environmental implications of various types of packaging waste as indicators of the circular economy. The findings indicate that the Kuznets hypothesis holds true for both linear and circular economies, except in model 5. The characteristic inverted U-shaped correlation known as the environmental Kuznets curve is validated here. The turning point of the curve was determined for all regression models in both circular and linear economies. The data regarding the return point revealed that the economy reaches the point of return sooner in a circular state compared to a linear one, as it can be inferred from the definition of the circular economy that its economic activities aim for environmental sustainability. Thus, policymakers should explore avenues to reduce pollution stemming from metal recycling processes. Secondly, findings suggest that the Kuznets curve’s turning point is reached sooner in a circular economy, implying that improved environmental quality can be achieved with lower economic growth rates within this framework. Therefore, countries should implement more incentivizing legislation to encourage enterprises to adopt recycling practices more extensively.