<p>Collaborative promotion on governance efficiency enhancement of construction and demolition waste (CDW) control and carbon emission (CE) reduction has become an inevitable choice for the construction sector towards to sustainable development in China. In this paper, the three-stage SBM-DEA model, social network analysis (SNA) model and random forest (RF) model were explored to investigate the spatial correlation network pattern and driving factors on the synergistic governance efficiency (SGE) of CDW and CE at the provincial construction sector level. It concluded that the SGE of CDW and CE in construction sector increased over the year, and the differences between provinces were gradually increasing. The network presented a hierarchical “Core–edge” interconnected network structure, with regions such as Shaanxi, Henan, and Hunan occupying dominant positions in the spatial interconnected network, exhibiting significant spillover and siphon effects. The intra-sector correlation and spillover effects were more significant, while the inter-sector correlation was relatively sparse. The per capita GDP in the construction sector had the greatest impact on the SGE. Thus, the government needs to strengthen regional environmental protection funds, develop circular economy, promote effective aggregation of factor resources and spatial classification management, upgrade the digitalization and carry out cross regional collaborative governance. The results provided empirical reference support and actionable insights on the SGE of CDW and CE in the construction sector, to accelerate the transition toward cross regional sustainable development.</p>