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<p>The increasing demand for sustainable road materials has encouraged the use of renewable modifiers such as lignin to partially replace petroleum-based bitumen. However, the end-of-life behaviour and circularity of lignin-modified asphalt remain underexplored. This study investigates the performance and recyclability of Kraft lignin-modified binders within a circular economy framework. Four binders were prepared by substituting 0–15% of base bitumen with wood-based Kraft lignin. Rheological tests (DSR, MSCR, BBR, LAS) were conducted under unaged, RTFOT-, and PAV-aged conditions to assess stiffness, recovery, and fatigue characteristics. Recyclability was simulated through solvent recovery and re-blending with virgin binder (30:70), while life-cycle assessment (LCA) quantified environmental impacts. A multi-criteria decision analysis (TOPSIS) integrated rheological, mechanical, recyclability, and environmental indicators to identify the most sustainable formulation. Results showed that lignin incorporation improved high-temperature stiffness and rutting resistance, with M10 (10% lignin) achieving the best balance between elasticity and workability. At low temperatures, lignin enhanced flexibility and relaxation, reducing cracking susceptibility. Recyclability and LCA outcomes confirmed lower stiffness growth, better property retention, and up to 6% reduction in GWP and 8% lower cumulative energy demand relative to control. The TOPSIS-based sustainability index ranked M10 &gt; M15 &gt; M5 &gt; Control, establishing 10% lignin as the optimal replacement level. Overall, the study demonstrates that moderate lignin substitution enhances mechanical performance, ageing resistance, and environmental efficiency, offering a practical route to circular, low-carbon asphalt binder design.</p>

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End-of-life performance and recyclability of lignin-modified asphalt: A circular economy perspective

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月21日

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  • Akanksha Bilthare,
  • Kamal Singh,
  • Siddhartha Rokade

摘要

The increasing demand for sustainable road materials has encouraged the use of renewable modifiers such as lignin to partially replace petroleum-based bitumen. However, the end-of-life behaviour and circularity of lignin-modified asphalt remain underexplored. This study investigates the performance and recyclability of Kraft lignin-modified binders within a circular economy framework. Four binders were prepared by substituting 0–15% of base bitumen with wood-based Kraft lignin. Rheological tests (DSR, MSCR, BBR, LAS) were conducted under unaged, RTFOT-, and PAV-aged conditions to assess stiffness, recovery, and fatigue characteristics. Recyclability was simulated through solvent recovery and re-blending with virgin binder (30:70), while life-cycle assessment (LCA) quantified environmental impacts. A multi-criteria decision analysis (TOPSIS) integrated rheological, mechanical, recyclability, and environmental indicators to identify the most sustainable formulation. Results showed that lignin incorporation improved high-temperature stiffness and rutting resistance, with M10 (10% lignin) achieving the best balance between elasticity and workability. At low temperatures, lignin enhanced flexibility and relaxation, reducing cracking susceptibility. Recyclability and LCA outcomes confirmed lower stiffness growth, better property retention, and up to 6% reduction in GWP and 8% lower cumulative energy demand relative to control. The TOPSIS-based sustainability index ranked M10 > M15 > M5 > Control, establishing 10% lignin as the optimal replacement level. Overall, the study demonstrates that moderate lignin substitution enhances mechanical performance, ageing resistance, and environmental efficiency, offering a practical route to circular, low-carbon asphalt binder design.