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<p>Climate change represents a significant global threat, highlighting the need to understand how economic and environmental factors affect environmental quality. To attain environmental sustainability, it is important to identify effective strategies for reducing ecological pressures. Therefore, this study is modeled to determine the influence of water transportation (WTR), renewable energy (RE), green finance (GRF), and economic growth (EG) on the ecological footprint (EF) in China from 1990 to 2021. We utilize the ARDL-ECM approach to analyze these relationships, capturing both long- and short-run dynamics while ensuring robustness through Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The findings reveal that green finance and renewable energy adoption significantly reduce the ecological footprint, demonstrating their potential to promote sustainability. Conversely, water transportation and economic growth increase the ecological footprint, reflecting the environmental costs associated with rapid development and infrastructure expansion. These results underscore the necessity of enhancing investments in renewable energy and expanding green financial mechanisms to meet sustainability targets. These results provide important insights for policymakers in China and other emerging economies, suggesting that strategic investments in renewable energy and green finance can help reconcile environmental sustainability goals. Overall, this study contributes to the growing literature on environmental sustainability by quantifying the environmental impacts of key infrastructural and economic factors in the world's largest emerging economy.</p>

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Reconciling environmental sustainability in emerging economies: evidence from China on the role of water transportation, green finance, renewable energy, and economic growth

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年12月19日

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  • Noor Hashim Khan,
  • Weijun He,
  • An Min,
  • Thomas Stephen Ramsey

摘要

Climate change represents a significant global threat, highlighting the need to understand how economic and environmental factors affect environmental quality. To attain environmental sustainability, it is important to identify effective strategies for reducing ecological pressures. Therefore, this study is modeled to determine the influence of water transportation (WTR), renewable energy (RE), green finance (GRF), and economic growth (EG) on the ecological footprint (EF) in China from 1990 to 2021. We utilize the ARDL-ECM approach to analyze these relationships, capturing both long- and short-run dynamics while ensuring robustness through Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS) and Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS). The findings reveal that green finance and renewable energy adoption significantly reduce the ecological footprint, demonstrating their potential to promote sustainability. Conversely, water transportation and economic growth increase the ecological footprint, reflecting the environmental costs associated with rapid development and infrastructure expansion. These results underscore the necessity of enhancing investments in renewable energy and expanding green financial mechanisms to meet sustainability targets. These results provide important insights for policymakers in China and other emerging economies, suggesting that strategic investments in renewable energy and green finance can help reconcile environmental sustainability goals. Overall, this study contributes to the growing literature on environmental sustainability by quantifying the environmental impacts of key infrastructural and economic factors in the world's largest emerging economy.