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<p>Depression is a major global cause of disability, yet evidence on environmental determinants in later life is still limited. We analyzed 8,131 participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and linked five survey waves with annual averages of six pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O₃, NO₂, SO₂, CO) from the China High Air Pollutants (CHAP) dataset. Cox regression was used to examine long-term exposures and incident depression, and subgroup analyses explored heterogeneity. Chronic exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, and CO significantly elevated depression risk, with hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile range (IQR) of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.35–1.50), 1.31 (1.24–1.38), 1.45 (1.38–1.52), and 1.20 (1.15–1.25). In contrast, O₃ showed an inverse association (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.57–0.61), while NO₂ results were inconsistent. Stronger effects appeared for current-year exposures, attenuating in lag models. Vulnerable groups included women, non-smokers, outdoor workers, those with chronic conditions, and eastern residents. Overall, long-term particulate matter, SO₂, and CO increased depression risk, whereas O₃ consistently showed a protective pattern, highlighting region-specific emission control priorities and integrated mental health support. </p>

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Long-term effects of common air pollutants and depression in middle-aged and older adults: a cohort study based in China

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月3日

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  • Qin Xiao,
  • Qiang Zhu,
  • Yixiao Jin,
  • Rong Yu

摘要

Depression is a major global cause of disability, yet evidence on environmental determinants in later life is still limited. We analyzed 8,131 participants in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and linked five survey waves with annual averages of six pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, O₃, NO₂, SO₂, CO) from the China High Air Pollutants (CHAP) dataset. Cox regression was used to examine long-term exposures and incident depression, and subgroup analyses explored heterogeneity. Chronic exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO₂, and CO significantly elevated depression risk, with hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile range (IQR) of 1.42 (95% CI: 1.35–1.50), 1.31 (1.24–1.38), 1.45 (1.38–1.52), and 1.20 (1.15–1.25). In contrast, O₃ showed an inverse association (HR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.57–0.61), while NO₂ results were inconsistent. Stronger effects appeared for current-year exposures, attenuating in lag models. Vulnerable groups included women, non-smokers, outdoor workers, those with chronic conditions, and eastern residents. Overall, long-term particulate matter, SO₂, and CO increased depression risk, whereas O₃ consistently showed a protective pattern, highlighting region-specific emission control priorities and integrated mental health support.