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<p>The building sector accounts for over 30% of global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, making energy-efficient design a critical priority, particularly in cold semi-arid climates where balancing thermal comfort and energy demand is challenging. This study investigates the combined impact of wall thermal properties, insulation placement, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and window U-values on thermal comfort and energy performance in residential buildings located in Tehran, Iran. A parametric framework was developed using EnergyPlus simulations integrated with Honeybee and Ladybug in Rhino/Grasshopper to analyze 384 design scenarios for north- and south-facing zones. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was used as the thermal comfort index, and annual thermal loads were calculated per square meter. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Standardized Regression Coefficients (SRC) to rank variable influence. Results show that filled lightweight concrete (FLWC) with 15&#xa0;cm thickness and interior insulation is optimal for north-facing façades, while lightweight concrete (LWC) with 20&#xa0;cm thickness and exterior insulation performs best in south-facing façades. Reducing WWR to 20–30% and selecting low-U-value glazing (~ 1.99&#xa0;W/m²K) improved thermal comfort by 7–8% and reduced annual thermal loads by up to 26%. SRC analysis identified wall U-value, density, and WWR as the most influential variables. These findings provide practical guidance for architects and engineers, emphasizing orientation-specific envelope design to reduce energy demand and enhance occupant comfort in cold semi-arid regions.</p>

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A Simulation-Based evaluation of envelope thermal properties and window design on Building energy load and comfort in cold Semi-Arid conditions

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月18日

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  • By Hoorieh Ghorbani Naeini,
  • Roozbeh Salehi,
  • Marjan Ilbeigi

摘要

The building sector accounts for over 30% of global energy use and greenhouse gas emissions, making energy-efficient design a critical priority, particularly in cold semi-arid climates where balancing thermal comfort and energy demand is challenging. This study investigates the combined impact of wall thermal properties, insulation placement, window-to-wall ratio (WWR), and window U-values on thermal comfort and energy performance in residential buildings located in Tehran, Iran. A parametric framework was developed using EnergyPlus simulations integrated with Honeybee and Ladybug in Rhino/Grasshopper to analyze 384 design scenarios for north- and south-facing zones. Predicted Mean Vote (PMV) was used as the thermal comfort index, and annual thermal loads were calculated per square meter. Sensitivity analysis was conducted using Standardized Regression Coefficients (SRC) to rank variable influence. Results show that filled lightweight concrete (FLWC) with 15 cm thickness and interior insulation is optimal for north-facing façades, while lightweight concrete (LWC) with 20 cm thickness and exterior insulation performs best in south-facing façades. Reducing WWR to 20–30% and selecting low-U-value glazing (~ 1.99 W/m²K) improved thermal comfort by 7–8% and reduced annual thermal loads by up to 26%. SRC analysis identified wall U-value, density, and WWR as the most influential variables. These findings provide practical guidance for architects and engineers, emphasizing orientation-specific envelope design to reduce energy demand and enhance occupant comfort in cold semi-arid regions.