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<p>Accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires addressing the complex relationships between economic development, poverty alleviation, inequality, and environmental sustainability, particularly within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies. Given the diversity and scale of these economies, examining how poverty (POV), income inequality (GINI), and green economic growth (GEG) impact the ecological footprint (EFP) is essential for crafting effective sustainability policies. Utilizing advanced econometric approaches—Generalized Method of Moments Quantile Regression (GMMQR) and Non-Parametric Granger Causality Tests (NPGCT)—this study assesses these relationships across various income-level groups (LIC, LMI, UMI, HIC). Results reveal that poverty significantly increases ecological footprint, particularly in the medium term (0.37%) compared to short (0.21%) and long terms (0.12%). Similarly, income inequality consistently exacerbates environmental pressures across all time frames. Notably, while green economic growth initially heightens ecological footprint (1.86% short run), it substantially mitigates environmental impact in medium (− 1.58%) and long terms (− 1.71%). Technological innovation exhibits a transitional pattern from short-term ecological stress (0.09%) to long-term sustainability (− 0.06%). Both renewable energy consumption and economic globalization robustly contribute to reducing environmental degradation across short, medium, and long terms. Therefore, policies should integrate targeted poverty and inequality reduction strategies with inclusive green-growth initiatives, technological advancements, and increased renewable energy adoption to balance economic prosperity with environmental sustainability, effectively aligning with SDGs 1, 8, 10, and 13.</p>

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The role of poverty, inequality, and green growth in shaping environmental sustainability in BRI economies; A GMM based quantile regression approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月2日

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  • Ali Zeb,
  • Niu Shuhai,
  • Obaid Ullah

摘要

Accomplishing the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) requires addressing the complex relationships between economic development, poverty alleviation, inequality, and environmental sustainability, particularly within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) economies. Given the diversity and scale of these economies, examining how poverty (POV), income inequality (GINI), and green economic growth (GEG) impact the ecological footprint (EFP) is essential for crafting effective sustainability policies. Utilizing advanced econometric approaches—Generalized Method of Moments Quantile Regression (GMMQR) and Non-Parametric Granger Causality Tests (NPGCT)—this study assesses these relationships across various income-level groups (LIC, LMI, UMI, HIC). Results reveal that poverty significantly increases ecological footprint, particularly in the medium term (0.37%) compared to short (0.21%) and long terms (0.12%). Similarly, income inequality consistently exacerbates environmental pressures across all time frames. Notably, while green economic growth initially heightens ecological footprint (1.86% short run), it substantially mitigates environmental impact in medium (− 1.58%) and long terms (− 1.71%). Technological innovation exhibits a transitional pattern from short-term ecological stress (0.09%) to long-term sustainability (− 0.06%). Both renewable energy consumption and economic globalization robustly contribute to reducing environmental degradation across short, medium, and long terms. Therefore, policies should integrate targeted poverty and inequality reduction strategies with inclusive green-growth initiatives, technological advancements, and increased renewable energy adoption to balance economic prosperity with environmental sustainability, effectively aligning with SDGs 1, 8, 10, and 13.