<p>Urbanization has exacerbated the conflict between human society and the environment. Therefore, coupled coordination between the economy, society, and environmental management is vital. This study explored the degree of coupled coordination of economy-society-environment systems in cities in Shaanxi Province and quantified the drivers that influence changes in the degree of coupled coordination. The results showed that the coupling coordination degree (CCD) of urban economy-society-environment systems in Shaanxi Province generally showed an upward trend, with the average CCD increasing from 0.49 in 2010 to 0.86 in 2020, shifting from primary coordination to excellent coordination. The CCD between Guanzhong and southern Shaanxi was significantly higher than that of northern Shaanxi, with significant spatial differences. After 2015, the economy-environment binary system played a dominant role in influencing the changes in the CCD of the economy-society-environment system. The back-propagation artificial neural network indicated that the health institutions, per capita actually used foreign capital, investment in real estate development, and volume of industrial sulfur dioxide emissions were the main drivers of CCD in Shaanxi Province’s cities, with contribution rates of 13.3%, 10%, 8.3%, and 7.9%, respectively. This study lays the foundation for the development of the concept of coupled and coordinated urban development and strategic planning and provides scientific advice for maintaining urban progress.</p>