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<p>Developing countries are facing growing environmental pressures, from pollution and rapid population growth to rising tourism, globalization, and intensive resource use. This study examines how these factors, i.e., tourism, population growth, resource rents, urbanization, GDP, and globalization, affect the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) in nine ASEAN countries between 1995 and 2020. Using Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors and quantile regression, the analysis explores how economic development intersects with environmental sustainability. The findings show that lower LCF values (indicating weaker environmental capacity) are associated with GDP growth and globalization. In contrast, higher LCF values are linked to population growth, tourism, natural resource rents, and urbanization. These patterns suggest that some aspects of development can support a more balanced relationship between resource use and regeneration, while others may place additional strain on ecological systems. For policymakers, the results point to opportunities to strengthen environmental sustainability by leveraging the region’s natural resource base, tourism sector, and urban growth. Prioritizing low-carbon development, clear sustainability standards in tourism, and environmentally responsible trade policies will be important, especially in light of the negative impact of economic growth and globalization on LCF. Investments in smart cities, green infrastructure, and better resource governance can also help ASEAN countries maintain environmental resilience while continuing to grow.</p>

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Impact of tourism, natural resources, urbanization and globalization on load capacity factors in ASEAN Countries: Driscoll Kraay and quantile regression approaches

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年8月22日

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  • Lilik Sugiharti,
  • Liton Chandra Voumik,
  • Smarnika Ghosh,
  • Mihir Kumar Das,
  • Miguel Angel Esquivias,
  • Mamunur Rashid,
  • Yessi Rahmawati

摘要

Developing countries are facing growing environmental pressures, from pollution and rapid population growth to rising tourism, globalization, and intensive resource use. This study examines how these factors, i.e., tourism, population growth, resource rents, urbanization, GDP, and globalization, affect the Load Capacity Factor (LCF) in nine ASEAN countries between 1995 and 2020. Using Driscoll-Kraay Standard Errors and quantile regression, the analysis explores how economic development intersects with environmental sustainability. The findings show that lower LCF values (indicating weaker environmental capacity) are associated with GDP growth and globalization. In contrast, higher LCF values are linked to population growth, tourism, natural resource rents, and urbanization. These patterns suggest that some aspects of development can support a more balanced relationship between resource use and regeneration, while others may place additional strain on ecological systems. For policymakers, the results point to opportunities to strengthen environmental sustainability by leveraging the region’s natural resource base, tourism sector, and urban growth. Prioritizing low-carbon development, clear sustainability standards in tourism, and environmentally responsible trade policies will be important, especially in light of the negative impact of economic growth and globalization on LCF. Investments in smart cities, green infrastructure, and better resource governance can also help ASEAN countries maintain environmental resilience while continuing to grow.