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<p>We examine the water footprints (WFs) of energy production across 310 Chinese cities in 2017, considering production, final sales, consumption, and income perspectives, while also addressing challenges in allocating water-saving responsibilities from cross-border production flows by creatively integrating a high spatial resolution bottom-up dataset of water consumption related to energy sources into the Multi-Regional Input-Output model. We reveal a notable shift in WFs patterns: initially dispersed by production locations but concentrated in developed cities due to rapid construction investments from final sales and consumption perspectives. When assessed by income, WFs concentrated on megacities: Shanghai, Beijing, and Chongqing, comprising over 30% of total WFs. In terms of final sales and consumption, water transfer in energy trade occurs predominantly between neighboring cities. However, primary inputs induce significant water transfers between megacities and distant cities, exacerbating the mismatch between economic benefits and water consumption in less developed cities. Moreover, fragmented production networks pose greater challenges for allocating water-saving responsibilities from the consumption side. From the consumption perspective, 8.7% of water transfers crossed borders five times or more, surpassing those from final sales (6.2%) and income (5.1%) perspectives. Finally, utilizing spatiotemporal autocorrelation analysis, we propose targeted water-saving policies tailored to cities’ water-use characteristics.</p>

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Assessing multi-scale water footprints embodied in China’s City-level energy production

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月31日

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  • Rong Yuan,
  • Yichao Wu,
  • Shuxin Liang,
  • Yuehan Yu,
  • Yi Jin

摘要

We examine the water footprints (WFs) of energy production across 310 Chinese cities in 2017, considering production, final sales, consumption, and income perspectives, while also addressing challenges in allocating water-saving responsibilities from cross-border production flows by creatively integrating a high spatial resolution bottom-up dataset of water consumption related to energy sources into the Multi-Regional Input-Output model. We reveal a notable shift in WFs patterns: initially dispersed by production locations but concentrated in developed cities due to rapid construction investments from final sales and consumption perspectives. When assessed by income, WFs concentrated on megacities: Shanghai, Beijing, and Chongqing, comprising over 30% of total WFs. In terms of final sales and consumption, water transfer in energy trade occurs predominantly between neighboring cities. However, primary inputs induce significant water transfers between megacities and distant cities, exacerbating the mismatch between economic benefits and water consumption in less developed cities. Moreover, fragmented production networks pose greater challenges for allocating water-saving responsibilities from the consumption side. From the consumption perspective, 8.7% of water transfers crossed borders five times or more, surpassing those from final sales (6.2%) and income (5.1%) perspectives. Finally, utilizing spatiotemporal autocorrelation analysis, we propose targeted water-saving policies tailored to cities’ water-use characteristics.