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<p>Air pollution poses a major threat to forest ecosystems, particularly in industrial zones, yet the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of native tree species—especially in temperate forests—remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by evaluating two widely distributed temperate broadleaf species of the Middle East and Europe: chestnut-leaved oak (<i>Quercus castaneifolia</i>) and common hornbeam (<i>Carpinus betulus</i>), near the Chamestan Industrial Zone in northern Iran. Leaf samples were collected at four distances from the pollution source (0, 400, 800, and 5,000&#xa0;m control) and analyzed for relative water content (RWC), pH, chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, soluble sugars, total soluble protein, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and stomatal traits. Based on a subset of these traits, Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was calculated to assess species-specific pollution resistance. <i>C. betulus</i> exhibited significant reductions in RWC and chlorophyll near the pollution source (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05), along with increases in proline and stomatal density, and decreases in stomatal size (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). <i>Q. castaneifolia</i> maintained stable RWC (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05) and stomatal traits, but showed significant increases in biochemical indicators (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Leaf pH and chlorophyll declined significantly in both species under pollution (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Proline rose by 82% in <i>Q. castaneifolia</i> and 103% in <i>C. betulus</i> at 0&#xa0;m. APTI results confirmed <i>Q. castaneifolia</i> as pollution-tolerant and <i>C. betulus</i> as moderately resistant. These findings highlight the stronger tolerance of <i>Q. castaneifolia</i> and support its use in greenbelt planning for temperate industrial regions.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Physiological, biochemical and leaf anatomical responses of tree species to air pollution in forests surrounding Chamestan Industrial Zone, Iran: a case study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年7月16日

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  • Zahra Boor,
  • Kambiz Taheri Abkenar,
  • Mohsen Mohammadi Galangash,
  • Ehsan Ghanbary,
  • Seyed Mohammad Moein Sadeghi

摘要

Air pollution poses a major threat to forest ecosystems, particularly in industrial zones, yet the physiological, biochemical, and anatomical responses of native tree species—especially in temperate forests—remain poorly understood. This study addresses this gap by evaluating two widely distributed temperate broadleaf species of the Middle East and Europe: chestnut-leaved oak (Quercus castaneifolia) and common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), near the Chamestan Industrial Zone in northern Iran. Leaf samples were collected at four distances from the pollution source (0, 400, 800, and 5,000 m control) and analyzed for relative water content (RWC), pH, chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, soluble sugars, total soluble protein, ascorbic acid, glutathione, and stomatal traits. Based on a subset of these traits, Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) was calculated to assess species-specific pollution resistance. C. betulus exhibited significant reductions in RWC and chlorophyll near the pollution source (p < 0.05), along with increases in proline and stomatal density, and decreases in stomatal size (p < 0.05). Q. castaneifolia maintained stable RWC (p > 0.05) and stomatal traits, but showed significant increases in biochemical indicators (p < 0.05). Leaf pH and chlorophyll declined significantly in both species under pollution (p < 0.05). Proline rose by 82% in Q. castaneifolia and 103% in C. betulus at 0 m. APTI results confirmed Q. castaneifolia as pollution-tolerant and C. betulus as moderately resistant. These findings highlight the stronger tolerance of Q. castaneifolia and support its use in greenbelt planning for temperate industrial regions.

Graphical abstract