<p>Ecologically fragile areas are sensitive to external shocks, and rapid urbanization poses potential threats to these areas. To enhance regional sustainability, there is an urgent imperative to investigate community resilience and its relation to urbanization. This study takes Hengduan Mountain, a typical ecological-fragile zone in southwest China, as the study area, describes the spatial-temporal evolution characteristics of community resilience based on a comprehensive indicator system using statistical data and geospatial data from 2010 to 2021 of 95 counties, and quantitatively explores the causality and mechanism of urbanization and community resilience applying spatial two-stage least squares regression model. The results show that community resilience in the Hengduan Mountain presents an upward trend over the years, and urbanization has promoted community resilience with heterogeneous effects in the northern and southern regions. From a subsystem perspective, urbanization enhances environmental resilience but diminishes social resilience. Further mechanism analysis suggests that advanced industrial structure and transportation accessibility are mechanisms through which urbanization affects community resilience.</p>