Opportunity mapping to inform rural development planning at village level using geospatial techniques

This research employs GIS-based analysis to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of opportunities in the Pulwama district of the Kashmir valley, India. Integrating diverse data sources from satellite images, census, field observations and ancillary data, we generated indices on social, economic, facilities, resources, environmental, and disaster vulnerability. Employing multi-criteria analysis, we developed an opportunity index, categorized into five classes from very high to very low. Findings indicate a ~ 25% decline in agriculture (2006–2016), ~ 45% and ~ 69% increase in horticulture and built-up areas in the district respectively. Socioeconomic data analysis identified that, among 348 villages, 11 are with very high composite facility index, and 121 with very poor index. All urban centres in the Pulwama showed very high economic development potential, while 148 villages showed very low potential. The study produced a village-wise Opportunity Index, integrating key indices (resource, economic, facility, road, multi-hazard vulnerability) and indicators (proximity to holy places, markets, commercial hubs, tourist sites, kilns, quarries, and industries). The Opportunity Index analysis indicated that, among 348 villages, 19 had very high scores, 55 high, 167 moderate, 103 low, and four had very low scores. By comparing our findings with the survey data, we ensured the validation and relevance of our study. The survey’s qualitative observations and stakeholder feedback helped us to better understand the broader context and socio-economic dynamics in Pulwama. This research offers valuable insights for informing policies for village-level development planning, optimal resource utilization, and achieving Sustainable Development Goals, particularly to sustainably meet society’s future needs.