Spatial modeling of soil erosion potential in the Panjkora Basin, Eastern Hindu Kush: integrated RUSLE and geospatial approaches

Soil erosion is a significant environmental issue that requires a thorough investigation of soil properties and behaviors to effectively mitigate its effects. Current study aims to spatially examine soil erosion in the Panjkora Basin by integrating the “Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation” (RUSLE) models with geospatial techniques. The RUSLE factors, including soil erodibility (K) and topographic (LS) factors, were computed using secondary data sources. Soil survey data was utilized to estimate the K factor, while “digital elevation model” (DEM) was employed to estimate LS factor. The support practice (P) and cover management (C) factor were obtained from literature as secondary data. Rainfall erosivity (R) was computed with daily rainfall data and Hurni’s equation. In Geographic Information System (GIS), overlay analysis was conducted to spatially combine the K factor, rainfall-runoff erosivity, slope steepness, slope length, support and conservation practices, and cover and management factor. This integrated approach facilitated the estimation of annual soil loss within Panjkora Basin, which was determined to be 57 tons/ha/year. The analysis revealed that the LS and K factors, as well as drainage density, were strongly linked with soil loss in the upstream areas. The R factor exhibited spatial variation, ranging from 57 to 89 MJ/ha/year, with high values observed in the southern parts and low values in the northern parts of the basin. The findings of the current study hold potential for researchers, relevant departments, and decision-makers involved in land use planning and management strategies, particularly in environmentally sensitive mountainous regions. The results can assist in making informed decisions and developing measures to reduce soil erosion risks and promote sustainable land to use practices in the Panjkora Basin.