Assessing the non-linear relation among consumption-based CO₂ emissions, militarization, goss fixed capital formation, and environmental sustainability in Pakistan: What lessons for posterity?

All over the world, individuals are becoming more concerned about environmental degradation. This influence on our planet’s geographic expansion is worrisome, and environmentalists are worried. So, the present study is being undertaken to determine the nonlinear consequences of consumption-based CO₂ emissions (CCO₂), militarism (MITEX), and gross fixed capital accumulation (GFC) on environmental sustainability in Pakistan. The Non-linear Autoregressive Distributive Lag model (NARDL) was used in the current study to investigate the nonlinear impact of CCO₂, MITEX, and GFC on environmental sustainability from 1980 to 2021. The study’s findings suggest the presence of a nonlinear relationship between CCO₂, MITEX, GFC, and environmental sustainability. Our data show that CCO₂, MITEX, and GFC all have a negative influence on environmental sustainability.