Investigating the role of biomass energy consumption and forest products trade on the forest footprint in Finland: an environmental Kuznets curve analysis

Forests are essential in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide and maintaining ecosystems, mainly through preserving biodiversity. For this reason, the sustainability of forests is essential for human life. This paper examines the role of biomass energy consumption, forest product trade, and economic growth on Finland’s forest footprint from 1970 to 2018. By employing Fourier-based unit root and cointegration tests, we confirm the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis, demonstrating a long-term relationship in which economic growth first raises, then reduces the forest footprint. Biomass energy consumption and forest products trade show an insignificant long-term effect on the forest footprint. We found unidirectional causality from the forest footprint to biomass energy consumption and economic growth. This research fills a gap by focusing on the under-researched forest footprint within the EKC framework, particularly in Finland’s context of stringent forestry policies. Our findings emphasize the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance environmental policy and sustainability practices. We further contribute to the broader literature on sustainable forest management and offer actionable policy recommendations for enhancing Finland’s environmental strategies.