Asymmetric impacts of economic factors on CO₂ emissions in Pakistan: evidence from the NARDL model

The purpose of the research is to provide light on the network of connections that occurs between tourism spending, gross domestic product, foreign direct investment, trade balance, and CO₂ emissions. The purpose of the research is to scrutinize data from 1990 to 2022 in Pakistan using the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model in order to evaluate the hypothesis of asymmetric associations. The research findings discovers that the torism spending, foreign direct investment, trade balance, and gross domestic product are negatively significant with CO₂ emissions in short-run. However, the tourism spending, and foreign direct investment are positively significant to CO₂ emissions in the long-run. Surprosingly, the rerearch didn’t find any asymmetric relationship between trade balance, foreign direct investment, tourism expenditure, gross domestic product, and CO₂ emissions both in short- and long-run. Policymakers and stakeholders may utilize the study's results to boost green economic growth and minimize CO₂ emissions.