<p>The current research highlights the comparative account of phytosociology, diversity and carbon dynamics of tree vegetation under opencast and underground mine area of Korba district, Chhattisgarh. The experiment was conducted to comprehend the effects of different types of coal mining activities on the composition, structure, diversity and carbon dynamics of species. Quadrat method and random sampling were done for quantitative estimation of vegetation under two different mine types. Five quadrats of 10&#xa0;m × 10&#xa0;m size, each on two different mine types was laid to record the tree species, vegetation attributes and carbon dynamics. Results reveal that underground mining regions are more diverse in species with a higher Shannon–Wiener diversity index (<i>H′</i> = 2.91) and Margalef richness index of species (<i>d</i> = 4.34) than the opencast mining regions (<i>H′</i> = 2.78; d = 3.72). The index of dominance (<i>D</i>) of opencast and underground mining was found to be 0.85 and 0.87 respectively. Among the various phytosociological parameters density value of tree species was found to be higher in case of opencast mining than underground mining area. The underground mining regions also have higher tree biomass (52.22 t/ha) and carbon stock (24.54 t C/ha) compared to the opencast mining regions, recording total biomass value of 36.31 t/ha and carbon stock of 17.06 t C/ha. As per the comparative study the carbon stock, biomass was found to be higher in case of tree species of underground mining in comparison to opencast mining. Similarly, the tree diversity was also found to be higher in vegetation under underground mining. Such observations can be effectively utilised for proper policy formulation in relation to sustainable management of coal mine areas and would also help in fulfilling long-term sustainability goals.</p>