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<p>Understanding the microbial quality of urban surface water, particularly pathogens dynamics, is crucial for determining public health risks from recreation and for developing effective monitoring strategies in water-centric cities like Amsterdam. We monitored six locations along Amstel River and inner canals between May and October 2023 using ultrafiltration sampling and qPCR to quantify <i>Escherichia coli</i>, four fecal, and three non-fecal pathogens. Spearman’s correlations were conducted to explore relationships between <i>E. coli</i>, pathogens, water temperature, and rainfall. <i>E. coli</i> and <i>Campylobacter</i> were consistently detected at all locations (2.1–5.2 and 1.7–6.4 log<sub>10</sub> copies/100&#xa0;mL), with higher <i>Campylobacter</i> levels in inner canals than Amstel River. Human adenovirus appeared in 17 of 36 samples (0.2–2.6 log<sub>10</sub> copies/100&#xa0;mL), most frequently near the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and correlated with rainfall (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), suggesting runoff or effluent influences. <i>Cryptosporidium</i> and <i>Giardia</i> were each detected once. <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> was widespread (30/36 samples, 1.1–2.7 log<sub>10</sub> copies/100&#xa0;mL) without clear temporal or spatial patterns. <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> (14/36 samples, 2.1–3.5 log<sub>10</sub> copies/100&#xa0;mL) was more abundant near WWTP, indicating potential effluent effects. <i>Leptospira</i> occurred mainly in inner canals during May (0.3–1.8 log<sub>10</sub> copies/100&#xa0;mL), reflecting seasonal and spatial variability. Besides <i>Campylobacter</i> (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01), no pathogens showed significant correlations with <i>E. coli</i>, reinforcing its limitations as an indicator for fecal and the non-fecal pathogens in Amsterdam surface water system. Overall, pathogen occurrence showed spatiotemporal variation influenced by potential sources and weather conditions. Future monitoring frameworks should integrate selected fecal and non-fecal pathogens alongside traditional indicators to improve assessments of urban microbial water quality. Incorporating microbial source tracking markers may further enhance source attribution while balancing feasibility and cost.</p>

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Spatiotemporal distribution of Escherichia coli and fecal and non-fecal pathogens in the urban surface water system of Amsterdam

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年7月20日

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  • Sha Gao,
  • Thomas Wagner,
  • Paul van der Wielen,
  • Huub Rijnaarts,
  • Nicolae Șișcanu,
  • Nora Sutton

摘要

Understanding the microbial quality of urban surface water, particularly pathogens dynamics, is crucial for determining public health risks from recreation and for developing effective monitoring strategies in water-centric cities like Amsterdam. We monitored six locations along Amstel River and inner canals between May and October 2023 using ultrafiltration sampling and qPCR to quantify Escherichia coli, four fecal, and three non-fecal pathogens. Spearman’s correlations were conducted to explore relationships between E. coli, pathogens, water temperature, and rainfall. E. coli and Campylobacter were consistently detected at all locations (2.1–5.2 and 1.7–6.4 log10 copies/100 mL), with higher Campylobacter levels in inner canals than Amstel River. Human adenovirus appeared in 17 of 36 samples (0.2–2.6 log10 copies/100 mL), most frequently near the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and correlated with rainfall (p < 0.01), suggesting runoff or effluent influences. Cryptosporidium and Giardia were each detected once. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was widespread (30/36 samples, 1.1–2.7 log10 copies/100 mL) without clear temporal or spatial patterns. Legionella pneumophila (14/36 samples, 2.1–3.5 log10 copies/100 mL) was more abundant near WWTP, indicating potential effluent effects. Leptospira occurred mainly in inner canals during May (0.3–1.8 log10 copies/100 mL), reflecting seasonal and spatial variability. Besides Campylobacter (p < 0.01), no pathogens showed significant correlations with E. coli, reinforcing its limitations as an indicator for fecal and the non-fecal pathogens in Amsterdam surface water system. Overall, pathogen occurrence showed spatiotemporal variation influenced by potential sources and weather conditions. Future monitoring frameworks should integrate selected fecal and non-fecal pathogens alongside traditional indicators to improve assessments of urban microbial water quality. Incorporating microbial source tracking markers may further enhance source attribution while balancing feasibility and cost.