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<p>This study emphasizes the rarely explored quantitative and qualitative assessments of the microbial contamination influenced by the river floods and the associated human health risks through the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) in the highly flood-prone mid-Brahmaputra valley. Bacterial pathogens were isolated and analyzed through the standard culture and molecular methods. For the entire duration of the study, the pathogens in the studied water sources consistently exceeded the safe limits for both drinking water (0 CFU/100 mL) and recreational water (200 CFU/100 mL), indicating the unsuitability of the water for daily use. The groundwater sources were only found suitable for drinking with pathogenic concentration of 0 CFU/100 mL during the pre-floods of 2023. <i>Escherichia coli</i> was the most prevalent pathogen in the riverine environment studied. The statistical analysis indicated a significant increase in the microbial contaminations and single exposure infection risks (P<sub>inf,single</sub>) after floods. Elevated levels of P<sub>inf,single</sub> after floods from the exposure of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> in river water, and <i>Escherichia coli</i> in both groundwater as well as sediments, exceeded the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10<sup>−4</sup>. Children were more prone to infections from contaminated sedimental exposure, compared to adults. The results provide a robust quantitative foundation for assessing and monitoring microbial contaminations and associated risks in riverine systems, thereby supporting remediation efforts, strategic planning and mitigation of the public health hazards.</p>

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Flood-induced microbial contaminants and quantitative microbial risk assessment over a riverine environment of the mid-Brahmaputra valley, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月27日

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  • Dhriti Kalita,
  • Ankita Paul,
  • Manabendra Mandal,
  • Apurba Kumar Das

摘要

This study emphasizes the rarely explored quantitative and qualitative assessments of the microbial contamination influenced by the river floods and the associated human health risks through the application of quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) in the highly flood-prone mid-Brahmaputra valley. Bacterial pathogens were isolated and analyzed through the standard culture and molecular methods. For the entire duration of the study, the pathogens in the studied water sources consistently exceeded the safe limits for both drinking water (0 CFU/100 mL) and recreational water (200 CFU/100 mL), indicating the unsuitability of the water for daily use. The groundwater sources were only found suitable for drinking with pathogenic concentration of 0 CFU/100 mL during the pre-floods of 2023. Escherichia coli was the most prevalent pathogen in the riverine environment studied. The statistical analysis indicated a significant increase in the microbial contaminations and single exposure infection risks (Pinf,single) after floods. Elevated levels of Pinf,single after floods from the exposure of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in river water, and Escherichia coli in both groundwater as well as sediments, exceeded the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10−4. Children were more prone to infections from contaminated sedimental exposure, compared to adults. The results provide a robust quantitative foundation for assessing and monitoring microbial contaminations and associated risks in riverine systems, thereby supporting remediation efforts, strategic planning and mitigation of the public health hazards.