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<p>This study assessed heavy metal accumulation and associated human health risks in <i>Amaranthus cruentus</i> and <i>Corchorus olitorius</i> irrigated with River Osun water in selected peri-urban communities of Osogbo, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four irrigation locations (Owode, Oke-Osun, Gbodofon, and Ebunoluwa), while borehole water served as the control. The study followed an organized sequence encompassing site selection, sample collection, laboratory analysis, vegetable production and determination of heavy metals in the vegetables using regulatory standards.&#xa0;Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water, soil, and harvested vegetables were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR) were used to evaluate contamination and health risks. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05. Results showed that River Osun water contained elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, and other metals above permissible limits, while the cultivation soil initially exhibited low contamination levels. Vegetable concentrations of Pb (2.92–5.12&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>⁻1</sup>), Cd (3.56–3.98&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>⁻1</sup>), Cr (3.18–3.99&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>⁻1</sup>), and As (1.86–2.29&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>⁻1</sup>) exceeded FAO/WHO limits. ANOVA revealed significant effects of irrigation location and vegetable type on metal accumulation (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05). Contamination factors indicated severe enrichment, particularly for As (49.50–71.67) and Cd (41.22–54.43), while PLI values ranged from 5.98–8.47. Hazard Index values (75.21–94.64) and TCR values (2.15 × 10⁻1–2.83 × 10⁻1) greatly exceeded acceptable limits. The study concludes that continuous irrigation with untreated River Osun water poses significant food safety and public health risks and requires urgent pollution-control interventions.</p>

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Assessment of heavy metal accumulation and associated health risks in vegetables irrigated with river Osun water at Peri-urban areas of Osogbo

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月23日

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  • Toyese Friday Oyewusi

摘要

This study assessed heavy metal accumulation and associated human health risks in Amaranthus cruentus and Corchorus olitorius irrigated with River Osun water in selected peri-urban communities of Osogbo, Nigeria. Water samples were collected from four irrigation locations (Owode, Oke-Osun, Gbodofon, and Ebunoluwa), while borehole water served as the control. The study followed an organized sequence encompassing site selection, sample collection, laboratory analysis, vegetable production and determination of heavy metals in the vegetables using regulatory standards. Heavy metal concentrations in irrigation water, soil, and harvested vegetables were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Contamination Factor (CF), Pollution Load Index (PLI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Total Carcinogenic Risk (TCR) were used to evaluate contamination and health risks. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation, two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at p < 0.05. Results showed that River Osun water contained elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, As, Hg, and other metals above permissible limits, while the cultivation soil initially exhibited low contamination levels. Vegetable concentrations of Pb (2.92–5.12 mg kg⁻1), Cd (3.56–3.98 mg kg⁻1), Cr (3.18–3.99 mg kg⁻1), and As (1.86–2.29 mg kg⁻1) exceeded FAO/WHO limits. ANOVA revealed significant effects of irrigation location and vegetable type on metal accumulation (p < 0.05). Contamination factors indicated severe enrichment, particularly for As (49.50–71.67) and Cd (41.22–54.43), while PLI values ranged from 5.98–8.47. Hazard Index values (75.21–94.64) and TCR values (2.15 × 10⁻1–2.83 × 10⁻1) greatly exceeded acceptable limits. The study concludes that continuous irrigation with untreated River Osun water poses significant food safety and public health risks and requires urgent pollution-control interventions.