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<p>Urbanized tropical coastal lakes face increasing sediment contamination from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources, yet quantitative assessments integrating source apportionment with probabilistic health risks remain limited for many ecosystems, including Kerala’s Kayamkulam Lake (KKL) (area = 16.52 km<sup>2</sup>). Surface sediments from ten stations in KKL were analyzed for grain size, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb). Contamination indices (CF, EF, <i>I</i><sub><i>geo</i></sub>, PLI, and mHQ), multivariate statistics (PCA, correlation), positive matrix factorization (PMF) for source apportionment, and Monte Carlo simulation-based health risk assessment (both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) were employed. Sand dominated (69.8 ± 5.9%), while clay showed strong positive correlations with Cd (<i>r</i> = 0.891) and OC (<i>r</i> = 0.806). Cd concentrations (1.10 ± 0.27&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) exceeded baseline terrestrial abundance (0.1–0.2&#xa0;mg&#xa0;kg<sup>−1</sup>) by 5–11-fold. PMF resolved three sources: industrial effluents (Cu 53.7%, Zn 40.6%), mixed agricultural-sewage-industrial discharges (Mn 79.2%, Cr 52.1%, and Cd 35.6%), and traffic emissions plus geogenicx sources (Pb 44.6%). Potential ecological risk (PER) reached 244.8, with Cd contributing 223.2 (extremely high risk). Monte Carlo simulations revealed mean hazard index (HI) values of 2.4<i>E</i>−02 for children and 3.81<i>E</i>−03 for adults (both &lt; 1, minimal non-carcinogenic risk). However, mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children was 1.26<i>E</i>−04 (95th percentile: 3.38<i>E</i>−04), exceeding the acceptable threshold (1 × 10<sup>−4</sup>), driven primarily by Pb (1.07<i>E</i>−03), Cr (5.50<i>E</i>−05), and Cd (4.01<i>E</i>−05). While non-carcinogenic risks are minimal, Cd poses extremely high ecological risk, and children face unacceptable carcinogenic risks from sediment heavy metals in KKL, necessitating regulatory intervention.</p>

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Heavy metal contamination and ecological-health risk assessment for the sediments of a tropical coastal lake, Southwest India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月25日

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  • Vishnu Sagar M. K.,
  • Mirsana S.,
  • Sabu Joseph,
  • Selvakumar S.,
  • Sheela A. M.,
  • Amit Kumar

摘要

Urbanized tropical coastal lakes face increasing sediment contamination from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources, yet quantitative assessments integrating source apportionment with probabilistic health risks remain limited for many ecosystems, including Kerala’s Kayamkulam Lake (KKL) (area = 16.52 km2). Surface sediments from ten stations in KKL were analyzed for grain size, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (Fe, Mn, Cd, Cu, Zn, Cr, and Pb). Contamination indices (CF, EF, Igeo, PLI, and mHQ), multivariate statistics (PCA, correlation), positive matrix factorization (PMF) for source apportionment, and Monte Carlo simulation-based health risk assessment (both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic) were employed. Sand dominated (69.8 ± 5.9%), while clay showed strong positive correlations with Cd (r = 0.891) and OC (r = 0.806). Cd concentrations (1.10 ± 0.27 mg kg−1) exceeded baseline terrestrial abundance (0.1–0.2 mg kg−1) by 5–11-fold. PMF resolved three sources: industrial effluents (Cu 53.7%, Zn 40.6%), mixed agricultural-sewage-industrial discharges (Mn 79.2%, Cr 52.1%, and Cd 35.6%), and traffic emissions plus geogenicx sources (Pb 44.6%). Potential ecological risk (PER) reached 244.8, with Cd contributing 223.2 (extremely high risk). Monte Carlo simulations revealed mean hazard index (HI) values of 2.4E−02 for children and 3.81E−03 for adults (both < 1, minimal non-carcinogenic risk). However, mean total carcinogenic risk (TCR) for children was 1.26E−04 (95th percentile: 3.38E−04), exceeding the acceptable threshold (1 × 10−4), driven primarily by Pb (1.07E−03), Cr (5.50E−05), and Cd (4.01E−05). While non-carcinogenic risks are minimal, Cd poses extremely high ecological risk, and children face unacceptable carcinogenic risks from sediment heavy metals in KKL, necessitating regulatory intervention.