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<p>Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), the most widely produced brominated flame retardant globally, is continuously released into the environment during its production, use, and disposal. This process emits not only TBBPA itself, but also various derivatives, industrial by-products, and transformation products, forming a complex pollution system that raises considerable environmental and biological concerns. This review systematically synthesizes the distribution of TBBPA and its related pollutants across different environmental media and organisms. It also analyzes four main release pathways thereof, encompassing industrial sources, product manufacturing, product use, and waste disposal. The transformation processes of these pollutants through microbial, photochemical, and metabolic pathways are also examined. Studies show that many environmental transformation products share high structural similarity with industrial by-products, complicating pollution source identification. Computational toxicology predictions for TBBPA and its 116 derivatives, by-products, and transformation products indicate that these compounds generally exhibit significant genotoxicity and hepatotoxic potential. Some transformation products are even more toxic than TBBPA itself. Current research still faces gaps, including incomplete inventories of industrial by-products and insufficient toxicity data for transformation products. Future work should integrate industrial emission inventories with environmental process studies to build a full lifecycle toxicity assessment framework, supporting the precise management and control of TBBPA and similar pollutants.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A review of the environmental distribution, sources, transformation, and (eco)toxicities of tetrabromobisphenol A, its derivatives, and by-products

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年6月16日

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  • Yanfeng Zhang,
  • Weihao Xu,
  • Ya Jiao,
  • Xiaoxuan Han,
  • Chenshi Luo,
  • Yong Tian

摘要

Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), the most widely produced brominated flame retardant globally, is continuously released into the environment during its production, use, and disposal. This process emits not only TBBPA itself, but also various derivatives, industrial by-products, and transformation products, forming a complex pollution system that raises considerable environmental and biological concerns. This review systematically synthesizes the distribution of TBBPA and its related pollutants across different environmental media and organisms. It also analyzes four main release pathways thereof, encompassing industrial sources, product manufacturing, product use, and waste disposal. The transformation processes of these pollutants through microbial, photochemical, and metabolic pathways are also examined. Studies show that many environmental transformation products share high structural similarity with industrial by-products, complicating pollution source identification. Computational toxicology predictions for TBBPA and its 116 derivatives, by-products, and transformation products indicate that these compounds generally exhibit significant genotoxicity and hepatotoxic potential. Some transformation products are even more toxic than TBBPA itself. Current research still faces gaps, including incomplete inventories of industrial by-products and insufficient toxicity data for transformation products. Future work should integrate industrial emission inventories with environmental process studies to build a full lifecycle toxicity assessment framework, supporting the precise management and control of TBBPA and similar pollutants.

Graphical Abstract