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<p>Aquatic environments receiving anthropogenic inputs can act as reservoirs for opportunistic microorganisms and antifungal resistance, representing a potential environmental and public health concern. This study evaluated microbial contamination and antifungal susceptibility patterns in surface waters along a rural–urban gradient in a subtropical watershed using an integrated environmental monitoring approach. Physicochemical parameters and conventional microbial (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Enterococcus</i> spp., and heterotrophic bacteria) were quantified, and yeast abundance was determined using CHROMagar™ Candida. A total of 327 yeast isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to itraconazole (ITZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) using the CLSI M27-A4 broth microdilution method. Urban sites exhibited markedly higher microbial contamination compared with rural areas, with <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. reaching 36,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/100&#xa0;ml and <i>E. coli</i> 19,863 most probable number (MPN)/100&#xa0;ml. Yeast densities reached up to 351&#xa0;CFU/100&#xa0;ml in urban samples, exceeding concentrations typically reported for oligotrophic aquatic systems. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed a high frequency of resistance among environmental isolates, ITZ (44.3%) compared with FCZ (24.46%). Statistical analyses indicated no significant spatial or seasonal differences in resistance patterns (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.05), whereas resistance to ITZ was significantly higher than to FCZ (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The results indicate that anthropogenic pressure in urbanized watersheds may contribute to increased microbial contamination and the occurrence of antifungal-resistant yeasts in surface waters. This suggests a potential environmental pathway for the dissemination of resistance traits. The integration of conventional microbial indicators, environmental yeast monitoring, and antifungal susceptibility profiling provides a practical framework for environmental surveillance.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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A combined approach using environmental yeasts and microbial indicators to assess aquatic pollution

  • 期刊论文

  • 出版模式：

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  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月25日

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  • Andressa Alves Silva Panatta,
  • Jéssyca Ketterine Carvalho,
  • Rosemeire Aparecida Silva-Lucca,
  • Salah Din Mahmud Hasan,
  • Marcia Regina Fagundes-Klen,
  • Maria Luiza Fernandes Rodrigues,
  • Edson Antônio da Silva,
  • Carlos Augusto Rosa,
  • Susana Johann,
  • Cleide Viviane Buzanello

摘要

Aquatic environments receiving anthropogenic inputs can act as reservoirs for opportunistic microorganisms and antifungal resistance, representing a potential environmental and public health concern. This study evaluated microbial contamination and antifungal susceptibility patterns in surface waters along a rural–urban gradient in a subtropical watershed using an integrated environmental monitoring approach. Physicochemical parameters and conventional microbial (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., and heterotrophic bacteria) were quantified, and yeast abundance was determined using CHROMagar™ Candida. A total of 327 yeast isolates were evaluated for susceptibility to itraconazole (ITZ) and fluconazole (FCZ) using the CLSI M27-A4 broth microdilution method. Urban sites exhibited markedly higher microbial contamination compared with rural areas, with Enterococcus spp. reaching 36,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/100 ml and E. coli 19,863 most probable number (MPN)/100 ml. Yeast densities reached up to 351 CFU/100 ml in urban samples, exceeding concentrations typically reported for oligotrophic aquatic systems. Antifungal susceptibility testing revealed a high frequency of resistance among environmental isolates, ITZ (44.3%) compared with FCZ (24.46%). Statistical analyses indicated no significant spatial or seasonal differences in resistance patterns (p > 0.05), whereas resistance to ITZ was significantly higher than to FCZ (p < 0.001). The results indicate that anthropogenic pressure in urbanized watersheds may contribute to increased microbial contamination and the occurrence of antifungal-resistant yeasts in surface waters. This suggests a potential environmental pathway for the dissemination of resistance traits. The integration of conventional microbial indicators, environmental yeast monitoring, and antifungal susceptibility profiling provides a practical framework for environmental surveillance.

Graphical Abstract