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<p>Groundwater contamination by pesticides has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, with increasing evidence linking chronic exposure to elevated cancer risks. Despite extensive monitoring efforts worldwide, few studies have systematically quantified carcinogenic risk while simultaneously identifying contamination patterns through advanced statistical modelling. This study evaluated pesticide contamination in groundwater across five villages in Gautam Buddh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh. Twenty-five post-monsoon samples were analyzed using GC–MS/MS for twelve target pesticide residues. Of the pesticides detected, five were consistently present: butachlor (mean 19.54&#xa0;µg/L, maximum 36.86&#xa0;µg/L, exceeding permissible limits), alachlor (mean 6.48&#xa0;µg/L, surpassing the US EPA threshold of 2.0&#xa0;µg/L in 68% of samples), chlorpyrifos (up to 4.65&#xa0;µg/L, above the WHO guideline of 0.1&#xa0;µg/L), 2,4-DDT (maximum 0.97&#xa0;µg/L, close to the WHO limit of 1.0&#xa0;µg/L), and α-HCH (mean 6.43&#xa0;µg/L, with peak concentrations of 13.57&#xa0;µg/L, approximately 25-fold higher than the WHO guideline of 0.02&#xa0;µg/L). Unlike previous studies that merely documented pesticide residues in groundwater, this research integrates advanced multivariate statistical analyses (ANOVA, PCA, regression) with cancer risk assessment metrics (HQ, ILCR). By linking groundwater contamination in Greater Noida to potential public health outcomes, the study establishes a novel framework for evaluating pesticide-related carcinogenic risks in vulnerable aquifers. Health risk assessments revealed children faced 2.3-fold higher vulnerability than adults, with non-carcinogenic hazard quotients reaching 0.160 (butachlor) and 0.069 (alachlor), approaching safety thresholds. Carcinogenic risk peaked at 0.0001035 for children in high-exposure zones. One-way ANOVA showed significant spatial heterogeneity (F-statistics: 18.7—250.3, p &lt; 0.0001). PCA explained 80.44% variance: PC1 (49.66%) indicated agricultural runoff, PC2 (30.78%) reflected legacy contamination, effectively identifying contamination hotspots and source attribution patterns. The outcomes provide actionable evidence for strengthening groundwater monitoring and pesticide regulation, while offering a replicable framework that can guide future research and inform public health policy.</p>

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Assessing cancer risk from pesticide exposure in selected rural areas of Greater Noida

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年5月20日

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  • Runjhun Mathur,
  • Gaurav Saini,
  • Sheo Prasad Shukla,
  • Abhimanyu Kumar Jha

摘要

Groundwater contamination by pesticides has emerged as a critical environmental and public health concern, with increasing evidence linking chronic exposure to elevated cancer risks. Despite extensive monitoring efforts worldwide, few studies have systematically quantified carcinogenic risk while simultaneously identifying contamination patterns through advanced statistical modelling. This study evaluated pesticide contamination in groundwater across five villages in Gautam Buddh Nagar district, Uttar Pradesh. Twenty-five post-monsoon samples were analyzed using GC–MS/MS for twelve target pesticide residues. Of the pesticides detected, five were consistently present: butachlor (mean 19.54 µg/L, maximum 36.86 µg/L, exceeding permissible limits), alachlor (mean 6.48 µg/L, surpassing the US EPA threshold of 2.0 µg/L in 68% of samples), chlorpyrifos (up to 4.65 µg/L, above the WHO guideline of 0.1 µg/L), 2,4-DDT (maximum 0.97 µg/L, close to the WHO limit of 1.0 µg/L), and α-HCH (mean 6.43 µg/L, with peak concentrations of 13.57 µg/L, approximately 25-fold higher than the WHO guideline of 0.02 µg/L). Unlike previous studies that merely documented pesticide residues in groundwater, this research integrates advanced multivariate statistical analyses (ANOVA, PCA, regression) with cancer risk assessment metrics (HQ, ILCR). By linking groundwater contamination in Greater Noida to potential public health outcomes, the study establishes a novel framework for evaluating pesticide-related carcinogenic risks in vulnerable aquifers. Health risk assessments revealed children faced 2.3-fold higher vulnerability than adults, with non-carcinogenic hazard quotients reaching 0.160 (butachlor) and 0.069 (alachlor), approaching safety thresholds. Carcinogenic risk peaked at 0.0001035 for children in high-exposure zones. One-way ANOVA showed significant spatial heterogeneity (F-statistics: 18.7—250.3, p < 0.0001). PCA explained 80.44% variance: PC1 (49.66%) indicated agricultural runoff, PC2 (30.78%) reflected legacy contamination, effectively identifying contamination hotspots and source attribution patterns. The outcomes provide actionable evidence for strengthening groundwater monitoring and pesticide regulation, while offering a replicable framework that can guide future research and inform public health policy.