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<p>Alpine lakes exhibit a distinct physicochemical character compared to other aquatic systems shaped by rugged terrain and extreme environmental conditions. The nival summits of upper Bhaderwah, known as the <i>Kailash</i> landscape, are dotted with a group of alpine lakes yet to be examined for water quality, thus prompting the current investigation. The water sampling and analysis were performed for nineteen major water quality parameters in six alpine lakes, comprising three primary (Kali <i>Kund</i>, Kailash <i>Kund</i>, and Shiv <i>Kund</i>) and their associated lakes (Mahakal <i>Kund</i>, Rishi <i>Sar</i>, and Vishi <i>Sar</i>) during September 2021, 2023, and 2024. All the major physicochemical parameters, including water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbonates, bicarbonates, total alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, and potassium ions, exhibited low to very low values with slight deviations among the water bodies. The Gibbs plot suggested that the lakes are regulated by precipitation, while the Piper diagram indicated a Calcium-bicarbonate water type. The results indicate the pristine water quality of the alpine lakes, however, the increased anthropogenic activities may impair the water quality if appropriate management measures are not adopted. The findings call for long-term ecological monitoring of these high-altitude lakes.</p>

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Are the headwaters clean? An assessment of water quality of alpine lakes in Kailash landscape, upper Bhaderwah, Jammu & Kashmir

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月17日

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  • Vandana Dutt,
  • Karan Dev Jamwal,
  • Deepika Slathia,
  • Neeraj Sharma

摘要

Alpine lakes exhibit a distinct physicochemical character compared to other aquatic systems shaped by rugged terrain and extreme environmental conditions. The nival summits of upper Bhaderwah, known as the Kailash landscape, are dotted with a group of alpine lakes yet to be examined for water quality, thus prompting the current investigation. The water sampling and analysis were performed for nineteen major water quality parameters in six alpine lakes, comprising three primary (Kali Kund, Kailash Kund, and Shiv Kund) and their associated lakes (Mahakal Kund, Rishi Sar, and Vishi Sar) during September 2021, 2023, and 2024. All the major physicochemical parameters, including water temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, carbonates, bicarbonates, total alkalinity, chloride, nitrate, sulphate, phosphate, fluoride, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, sodium, and potassium ions, exhibited low to very low values with slight deviations among the water bodies. The Gibbs plot suggested that the lakes are regulated by precipitation, while the Piper diagram indicated a Calcium-bicarbonate water type. The results indicate the pristine water quality of the alpine lakes, however, the increased anthropogenic activities may impair the water quality if appropriate management measures are not adopted. The findings call for long-term ecological monitoring of these high-altitude lakes.