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<p>The ecological risk of heavy metal–contaminated soils is typically assessed based on the oxidative stress they induce in terrestrial animals. Earthworms are the main soil animals, playing an important role in the ecosystem. In this study, we exposed earthworm <i>Eisenia foetida</i> to three different field contaminated soils for 28 days. Multiple biomarker (SOD, CAT, POD, GST, MDA) responses and bioaccumulation of Cd in the organisms were analyzed to assess the joint toxicity of Cd, and, at the same time, analyzed the soil properties and soil DTPA-Cd. Under heavy metal stress, the activities of SOD, POD, and GST in earthworms increased first and then decreased, while the activities of CAT and the content of MDA decreased first and then increased. The Cd content in the earthworms increased with the exposure time prolonging. The multiple biomarker responses were summarized by using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, and time–response relationships were found in treatments of three different field contaminated soils. This study, for the first time, provides valuable toxicological data for the risk evaluation of the Cd polluted by industry in the soil environment. Moreover, this work indicates that the integration of the IBR index could be an effective and practical method for assessing the heavy metal toxicity. The study will provide a certain theoretical basis and data support for the monitoring and treatment of soil cadmium pollution.</p>

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Assessment of Cd contamination and the integrated biomarker response of earthworms and soil characteristics from field cadmium-contaminated soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月10日

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  • Yali Wang,
  • Yixiao Yang,
  • Yuqing Cao,
  • Yiwei Dong,
  • Yongqiang Yang,
  • Yale Wang,
  • Chunhong Xu,
  • Liping Li,
  • Qi Zhao

摘要

The ecological risk of heavy metal–contaminated soils is typically assessed based on the oxidative stress they induce in terrestrial animals. Earthworms are the main soil animals, playing an important role in the ecosystem. In this study, we exposed earthworm Eisenia foetida to three different field contaminated soils for 28 days. Multiple biomarker (SOD, CAT, POD, GST, MDA) responses and bioaccumulation of Cd in the organisms were analyzed to assess the joint toxicity of Cd, and, at the same time, analyzed the soil properties and soil DTPA-Cd. Under heavy metal stress, the activities of SOD, POD, and GST in earthworms increased first and then decreased, while the activities of CAT and the content of MDA decreased first and then increased. The Cd content in the earthworms increased with the exposure time prolonging. The multiple biomarker responses were summarized by using the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, and time–response relationships were found in treatments of three different field contaminated soils. This study, for the first time, provides valuable toxicological data for the risk evaluation of the Cd polluted by industry in the soil environment. Moreover, this work indicates that the integration of the IBR index could be an effective and practical method for assessing the heavy metal toxicity. The study will provide a certain theoretical basis and data support for the monitoring and treatment of soil cadmium pollution.