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<p>Coastal lagoons provide essential ecosystem services but are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures, particularly nutrient enrichment and microbial contamination. The Nador Lagoon (Marchica, northeastern Morocco) has undergone major restoration interventions over the past decade, yet its post-restoration water quality remains under scrutiny. This study presents an integrated spring-time diagnostic of lagoon water quality based on physicochemical parameters, nutrient concentrations, microbial indicators, a water quality index (WQI), and multivariate statistical analysis. Water samples were collected in April and May 2025 at three stations selected to represent the main anthropogenic pressure sources affecting the lagoon. Results revealed marked spatial variability, with dissolved oxygen concentrations consistently below 5&#xa0;mg/L in urban-influenced areas, ammonium reaching up to 2.9&#xa0;mg/L, and orthophosphate up to 0.10&#xa0;mg/L near wastewater discharge zones. Fecal indicator bacteria exceeded recommended thresholds at all stations, with fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratios indicating predominantly animal-derived contamination upstream and mixed, human-dominated inputs near treated wastewater outfalls. WQI values classified lagoon waters as poor to very poor during the study period, particularly at the wastewater-impacted station. Principal component analysis highlighted two dominant drivers of variability: anthropogenic organic and microbial pollution and natural physicochemical gradients related to salinity and temperature. While the results provide a valuable post-restoration snapshot of water quality during an ecologically sensitive season, the limited spatial and temporal coverage restricts interpretation to a punctual diagnostic. These findings nonetheless offer useful guidance for adaptive monitoring and management of Mediterranean coastal lagoons subjected to similar pressures.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Post-restoration spring water quality diagnostic of the Nador Lagoon (Morocco) based on physicochemical and microbial indicators

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月9日

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  • Sara Bouglada,
  • Hajar Dihaji,
  • Asmae Hbika,
  • Bouchra El Guerrouj,
  • Aziz Boulouiz,
  • Rachid Touzani,
  • El Mehdi Haily

摘要

Coastal lagoons provide essential ecosystem services but are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures, particularly nutrient enrichment and microbial contamination. The Nador Lagoon (Marchica, northeastern Morocco) has undergone major restoration interventions over the past decade, yet its post-restoration water quality remains under scrutiny. This study presents an integrated spring-time diagnostic of lagoon water quality based on physicochemical parameters, nutrient concentrations, microbial indicators, a water quality index (WQI), and multivariate statistical analysis. Water samples were collected in April and May 2025 at three stations selected to represent the main anthropogenic pressure sources affecting the lagoon. Results revealed marked spatial variability, with dissolved oxygen concentrations consistently below 5 mg/L in urban-influenced areas, ammonium reaching up to 2.9 mg/L, and orthophosphate up to 0.10 mg/L near wastewater discharge zones. Fecal indicator bacteria exceeded recommended thresholds at all stations, with fecal coliform to fecal streptococci ratios indicating predominantly animal-derived contamination upstream and mixed, human-dominated inputs near treated wastewater outfalls. WQI values classified lagoon waters as poor to very poor during the study period, particularly at the wastewater-impacted station. Principal component analysis highlighted two dominant drivers of variability: anthropogenic organic and microbial pollution and natural physicochemical gradients related to salinity and temperature. While the results provide a valuable post-restoration snapshot of water quality during an ecologically sensitive season, the limited spatial and temporal coverage restricts interpretation to a punctual diagnostic. These findings nonetheless offer useful guidance for adaptive monitoring and management of Mediterranean coastal lagoons subjected to similar pressures.

Graphical Abstract