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<p>Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are persistent PFAS of growing regulatory concern, yet robust spatiotemporal evidence in Vietnam remains limited. Here, we developed a 12-month surface-water monitoring dataset with triplicate sampling across an ≈45-site lake–river–estuary–coastal network in Northern Vietnam, quantified PFOA/PFOS by LC–MS/MS, and translated the observations into a control-prioritization framework. Across pooled station–month observations (<i>n</i> = 552), PFOA showed a median of 7.56&#xa0;ng/L (p95 = 30.95), while PFOS was higher with a median of 16.55&#xa0;ng/L (p95 = 107.77). Concentrations consistently increased along the basin transport–retention continuum, with stable hotspots in downstream and estuarine nodes (e.g., Ba Lat, Cua Day, Do Son, Sam Son, Tra Co) and the water-body hierarchy estuaries &gt; river (downstream) &gt; coastal &gt; lakes. Clear seasonality was observed, with PFOS peaking in January/December and PFOA peaking in February/December. Mechanistic interpretation combined field covariates with water–particle–DOC partitioning concepts, adsorption–desorption tests using reference sediment, and multivariable modeling, consistently identifying suspended solids and dissolved organic carbon as dominant drivers, especially for PFOS. Ecological screening using risk quotients (RQ) indicated PFOS-driven concern at priority downstream/estuarine nodes. In parallel, integrated exposure scenarios (drinking water and fish consumption) suggested seafood intake can dominate PFOS exposure, yielding tail risks for children and high-seafood consumers even when mixture-level indices remain generally acceptable under baseline scenarios.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Surface-water PFOA/PFOS in Northern Vietnam: spatiotemporal patterns and a control-prioritization framework

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年3月30日

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  • Dinh Nhi Bui,
  • Dinh Ngo Vu,
  • Thi Thao Minh

摘要

Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) are persistent PFAS of growing regulatory concern, yet robust spatiotemporal evidence in Vietnam remains limited. Here, we developed a 12-month surface-water monitoring dataset with triplicate sampling across an ≈45-site lake–river–estuary–coastal network in Northern Vietnam, quantified PFOA/PFOS by LC–MS/MS, and translated the observations into a control-prioritization framework. Across pooled station–month observations (n = 552), PFOA showed a median of 7.56 ng/L (p95 = 30.95), while PFOS was higher with a median of 16.55 ng/L (p95 = 107.77). Concentrations consistently increased along the basin transport–retention continuum, with stable hotspots in downstream and estuarine nodes (e.g., Ba Lat, Cua Day, Do Son, Sam Son, Tra Co) and the water-body hierarchy estuaries > river (downstream) > coastal > lakes. Clear seasonality was observed, with PFOS peaking in January/December and PFOA peaking in February/December. Mechanistic interpretation combined field covariates with water–particle–DOC partitioning concepts, adsorption–desorption tests using reference sediment, and multivariable modeling, consistently identifying suspended solids and dissolved organic carbon as dominant drivers, especially for PFOS. Ecological screening using risk quotients (RQ) indicated PFOS-driven concern at priority downstream/estuarine nodes. In parallel, integrated exposure scenarios (drinking water and fish consumption) suggested seafood intake can dominate PFOS exposure, yielding tail risks for children and high-seafood consumers even when mixture-level indices remain generally acceptable under baseline scenarios.

Graphical Abstract