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<p>Groundwater resources are increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization, which disrupts the natural hydrological cycle. Urban development replaces permeable soils with impervious materials such as concrete, asphalt, and interlocking pavers, thereby reducing aquifer recharge and altering streamflow patterns. This study analyzed the impact of urban expansion on groundwater recharge in the Chaliyar basin, Kerala, over a 20-year period (2002–2022) using remote sensing data. The results revealed a 208% increase in built-up areas, with substantial conversion of natural land to urban surfaces including buildings, roads, and pavements. Field infiltration tests conducted at 20 locations following ASTM C1701 and ASTM D5126-90 standards showed a complete loss (100% reduction) in infiltration capacity in areas with concrete, roads, and buildings, and an 80 ± 1.61% reduction under interlocking pavers compared to natural soil. Consequently, the basin experienced a 48.5% decline in groundwater recharge and a 70% rise in surface runoff during the study period. These findings underscore the severe impact of unplanned urbanization on groundwater dynamics and highlight the urgent need for sustainable urban planning practices that enhance surface permeability and ensure long-term groundwater sustainability.</p>

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Impacts of urban growth on groundwater recharge: evidences from the Chaliyar basin of Kerala, India

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月1日

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  • Shana Sherin Areeparambil,
  • George Kuttiparichel Varghese

摘要

Groundwater resources are increasingly threatened by rapid urbanization, which disrupts the natural hydrological cycle. Urban development replaces permeable soils with impervious materials such as concrete, asphalt, and interlocking pavers, thereby reducing aquifer recharge and altering streamflow patterns. This study analyzed the impact of urban expansion on groundwater recharge in the Chaliyar basin, Kerala, over a 20-year period (2002–2022) using remote sensing data. The results revealed a 208% increase in built-up areas, with substantial conversion of natural land to urban surfaces including buildings, roads, and pavements. Field infiltration tests conducted at 20 locations following ASTM C1701 and ASTM D5126-90 standards showed a complete loss (100% reduction) in infiltration capacity in areas with concrete, roads, and buildings, and an 80 ± 1.61% reduction under interlocking pavers compared to natural soil. Consequently, the basin experienced a 48.5% decline in groundwater recharge and a 70% rise in surface runoff during the study period. These findings underscore the severe impact of unplanned urbanization on groundwater dynamics and highlight the urgent need for sustainable urban planning practices that enhance surface permeability and ensure long-term groundwater sustainability.