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<p>Environmental contamination from high-energy materials (HEMs) like explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics poses serious ecological and public health issues. Bioremediation approaches that involve enzyme-based degradation promise the efficient transformation and degradation of explosive pollutants. This review critically evaluates the role of enzymes in the bioremediation of ecosystems contaminated with HEMs, emphasising key enzyme classes—including nitroreductases, oxygenases, laccases, and Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs)—and the key enzymatic pathways for the transformation of HEMs into less toxic products under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The review further examines emerging bioremediation strategies such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, mycoremediation, phytoremediation, and composting, combined with the integration of molecular tools and transgenic approaches to accelerate contaminant degradation. Recent advances in enzyme immobilisation, extraction, and activity monitoring techniques are also discussed, underscoring their importance in enhancing catalytic stability and operational efficiency. However, despite these advances, key challenges remain, including enzyme instability, high production costs, limited substrate specificity, and incomplete contaminant mineralisation. Future research directions focus on engineering more robust enzymes, developing hybrid bioremediation systems, and omics and nano-based approaches for developing novel enzymes. Overall, the findings underscore the significant potential of enzymatic bioremediation technologies for sustainable environmental restoration and provide valuable insights to support policy initiatives aimed at mitigating the impacts of HEM pollution. Clinical trial number: not applicable.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Analysis of enzyme-based bioremediation approach in the degradation of high-energy materials (HEMs) for environmental restoration

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年4月15日

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  • Navneet Chhachhiya,
  • Manvendu Mishra,
  • S. Mary Celin,
  • Vandana Mishra,
  • Dipti Barui Bose,
  • Arvind Kumar

摘要

Environmental contamination from high-energy materials (HEMs) like explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics poses serious ecological and public health issues. Bioremediation approaches that involve enzyme-based degradation promise the efficient transformation and degradation of explosive pollutants. This review critically evaluates the role of enzymes in the bioremediation of ecosystems contaminated with HEMs, emphasising key enzyme classes—including nitroreductases, oxygenases, laccases, and Old Yellow Enzymes (OYEs)—and the key enzymatic pathways for the transformation of HEMs into less toxic products under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The review further examines emerging bioremediation strategies such as bioaugmentation, biostimulation, mycoremediation, phytoremediation, and composting, combined with the integration of molecular tools and transgenic approaches to accelerate contaminant degradation. Recent advances in enzyme immobilisation, extraction, and activity monitoring techniques are also discussed, underscoring their importance in enhancing catalytic stability and operational efficiency. However, despite these advances, key challenges remain, including enzyme instability, high production costs, limited substrate specificity, and incomplete contaminant mineralisation. Future research directions focus on engineering more robust enzymes, developing hybrid bioremediation systems, and omics and nano-based approaches for developing novel enzymes. Overall, the findings underscore the significant potential of enzymatic bioremediation technologies for sustainable environmental restoration and provide valuable insights to support policy initiatives aimed at mitigating the impacts of HEM pollution. Clinical trial number: not applicable.

Graphical abstract