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<p>The irrigation of crops with wastewater can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs), posing environmental and health risks. This study analyzed HMs in industrial wastewater, soils, and food crops around Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE), Pakistan. Wastewater and soil samples were assessed for physicochemical properties, and all samples were digested and analyzed for HMs using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). HMs levels varied consistently across water, soils, and crops at six sites, with accumulation in crops following the order: Ca &gt; Cu &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Cr &gt; Ni &gt; As &gt; Al &gt; Cd &gt; Co &gt; Pb &gt; Se. Leafy crops showed higher bioaccumulation than fruit and root/tuber crops, with Zn exhibiting the highest Bioaccumulation Factor (BF). Pearson’s correlation and principal component analyses revealed positive correlations among metals and identified potential sources of crop contamination. In vitro gastrointestinal assays indicated HMs bioaccessibility ranging from 0–94%. While most HMs posed no noncarcinogenic risk, Ni and Cr present significant carcinogenic risks. Regular monitoring and preventative measures are recommended to ensure food safety, human health, and environmental protection.</p> Graphical Abstract <p>Highlights</p> <p>• Wastewater irrigation impacts both the environment and human health.</p> <p>• As, Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in most crops exceeded the safe limit.</p> <p>• BCF showed the high transfer of Heavy metals to leafy crops from soil.</p> <p>• In vitro bioaccessibility accurately estimates human exposure to heavy metals</p> <p>TCR values for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicates potential health risks from crop consumption.</p> <p></p>

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Health risk evaluation of toxic metals in food crops irrigated with wastewater of Hattar Industrial Estate, Pakistan: a simulated gastrointestinal model approach

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年2月16日

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  • Ummama Khan,
  • Rukhsanda Aziz,
  • Muhammad Arshad,
  • Basharat Ali,
  • Muhammad Suhaib,
  • Muhammad Tariq Rafiq

摘要

The irrigation of crops with wastewater can lead to the accumulation of heavy metals (HMs), posing environmental and health risks. This study analyzed HMs in industrial wastewater, soils, and food crops around Hattar Industrial Estate (HIE), Pakistan. Wastewater and soil samples were assessed for physicochemical properties, and all samples were digested and analyzed for HMs using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). HMs levels varied consistently across water, soils, and crops at six sites, with accumulation in crops following the order: Ca > Cu > Mn > Zn > Cr > Ni > As > Al > Cd > Co > Pb > Se. Leafy crops showed higher bioaccumulation than fruit and root/tuber crops, with Zn exhibiting the highest Bioaccumulation Factor (BF). Pearson’s correlation and principal component analyses revealed positive correlations among metals and identified potential sources of crop contamination. In vitro gastrointestinal assays indicated HMs bioaccessibility ranging from 0–94%. While most HMs posed no noncarcinogenic risk, Ni and Cr present significant carcinogenic risks. Regular monitoring and preventative measures are recommended to ensure food safety, human health, and environmental protection.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

• Wastewater irrigation impacts both the environment and human health.

• As, Cd, Cr, and Pb contents in most crops exceeded the safe limit.

• BCF showed the high transfer of Heavy metals to leafy crops from soil.

• In vitro bioaccessibility accurately estimates human exposure to heavy metals

TCR values for As, Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb indicates potential health risks from crop consumption.