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<p>The increasing encroachment of micro-nano-plastics (MNPs) in various ecosystems raised considerable concerns about their impact on living beings, environmental systems, biological waste treatment schemes<i>—</i>particularly anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste. MNPs can originate from the disintegration of conventional plastics or through leachate released from consumer goods, eventually merging with waste streams treated in anaerobic systems. Moreover, bioplastics (BPs) being promoted as bio-based or biodegradable also end up in biological waste treatment units including AD. This literature review examines fate and impact of MNPs and BPs over AD systems, with comprehensive focus on mechanistic insights, promotion or inhibition aspects in MNPs and BPs containing AD systems and impact on microbial communities. The review emphasizes that MNPs impact microbial diversity and their structural orientation, enzymatic action, and syntrophic interactions, which are vital for biomethane production from AD system. The MNPs may either absorb into microbial cell walls<i>—</i>disrupting cell integrity or may even introduce toxic additives thereby inhibiting hydrolysis and methanogenesis. Nevertheless, at lower concentrations, MNPs could also instigate microbial activity by functioning as biofilm and promoting direct interspecies electron transfer for enhanced degradation. In addition, most of the BPs were reported as interrupting material for adequate biomethane production, nevertheless few even contributing to methane yield and degrading over the course of AD. Despite such findings, long-term impact and degradation pattern of such polymers in AD systems are still underexplored. The review further recommends methodological standardization to assess MNPs/BPs impact over AD systems.</p>

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A review on fate and influence of micro-nano-plastics and bioplastics in anaerobic digestion: mechanistic insights, prospectives, and recommendations

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月31日

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  • Abhishek N. Srivastava,
  • Sruthi R.,
  • Vineet Singh Sikarwar

摘要

The increasing encroachment of micro-nano-plastics (MNPs) in various ecosystems raised considerable concerns about their impact on living beings, environmental systems, biological waste treatment schemes—particularly anaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste. MNPs can originate from the disintegration of conventional plastics or through leachate released from consumer goods, eventually merging with waste streams treated in anaerobic systems. Moreover, bioplastics (BPs) being promoted as bio-based or biodegradable also end up in biological waste treatment units including AD. This literature review examines fate and impact of MNPs and BPs over AD systems, with comprehensive focus on mechanistic insights, promotion or inhibition aspects in MNPs and BPs containing AD systems and impact on microbial communities. The review emphasizes that MNPs impact microbial diversity and their structural orientation, enzymatic action, and syntrophic interactions, which are vital for biomethane production from AD system. The MNPs may either absorb into microbial cell walls—disrupting cell integrity or may even introduce toxic additives thereby inhibiting hydrolysis and methanogenesis. Nevertheless, at lower concentrations, MNPs could also instigate microbial activity by functioning as biofilm and promoting direct interspecies electron transfer for enhanced degradation. In addition, most of the BPs were reported as interrupting material for adequate biomethane production, nevertheless few even contributing to methane yield and degrading over the course of AD. Despite such findings, long-term impact and degradation pattern of such polymers in AD systems are still underexplored. The review further recommends methodological standardization to assess MNPs/BPs impact over AD systems.