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<p>Air quality monitoring was carried out in Agartala, Northeast India, over a 5-day period (2&#xa0;days pre-Diwali, 1&#xa0;day during Diwali, and 2&#xa0;days post-Diwali) during October–November (2018)–2020. Continuous 24-h sampling was conducted at four key locations using high-volume air samplers, along with detailed SEM–EDX particle characterization. Criteria air pollutants showed statistically significant increases (p &lt; 0.001) following Diwali celebrations. Particulate matter rose by 17–159%, SO₂ showed variable changes from a 7% decrease to an 86% increase, and NO₂ varied between a 32% decrease and a 96% increase compared to pre-Diwali levels. Meteorological conditions were stagnant, with low wind speeds (1.63–1.93&#xa0;m/s) and shallow boundary layer heights (750–1250&#xa0;m), while back-trajectory analysis confirmed mainly local emission sources. Peak concentrations in 2020 reached PM₁₀: 124.17 ± 10.75&#xa0;μg/m<sup>3</sup> and PM₂.₅: 92.15 ± 11.39&#xa0;μg/m<sup>3</sup>, exceeding WHO guidelines by 4–18 times. EDX identified fourteen elements, with silver showing the highest 12.3-fold increase (148&#xa0;ng/m<sup>3</sup>), followed by lead (2.9-fold) and chromium (2.7-fold), all linked to firework emissions. Spatial correlation analysis indicated moderate positive correlations for PM₂.₅ (r = 0.38–0.59), suggesting regional-scale dispersion, whereas gaseous pollutants exhibited weak or negative correlations, pointing to localized sources. SEM analysis revealed a shift from irregular crustal particles to predominantly spherical combustion-derived particles (0.1–30&#xa0;μm) during festivities, confirming pyrotechnic origins. Health risk assessment showed concerning results: the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index = 1.82) exceeded safe limits, and the carcinogenic risk (3.5 × 10⁻<sup>5</sup>) was 2.69 times above the acceptable threshold, mainly due to chromium and lead. Air Quality Index values consistently worsened across sites, changing from “Satisfactory” (57–92) to “Moderate” (139–197), with PM₂.₅ as the dominant pollutant.</p>

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Air pollutants and their health risk assessment during Diwali fireworks in Agartala, Northeast India: A case study

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月20日

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  • Parminder Kaur,
  • Anirban Guha,
  • Atar Singh Pipal

摘要

Air quality monitoring was carried out in Agartala, Northeast India, over a 5-day period (2 days pre-Diwali, 1 day during Diwali, and 2 days post-Diwali) during October–November (2018)–2020. Continuous 24-h sampling was conducted at four key locations using high-volume air samplers, along with detailed SEM–EDX particle characterization. Criteria air pollutants showed statistically significant increases (p < 0.001) following Diwali celebrations. Particulate matter rose by 17–159%, SO₂ showed variable changes from a 7% decrease to an 86% increase, and NO₂ varied between a 32% decrease and a 96% increase compared to pre-Diwali levels. Meteorological conditions were stagnant, with low wind speeds (1.63–1.93 m/s) and shallow boundary layer heights (750–1250 m), while back-trajectory analysis confirmed mainly local emission sources. Peak concentrations in 2020 reached PM₁₀: 124.17 ± 10.75 μg/m3 and PM₂.₅: 92.15 ± 11.39 μg/m3, exceeding WHO guidelines by 4–18 times. EDX identified fourteen elements, with silver showing the highest 12.3-fold increase (148 ng/m3), followed by lead (2.9-fold) and chromium (2.7-fold), all linked to firework emissions. Spatial correlation analysis indicated moderate positive correlations for PM₂.₅ (r = 0.38–0.59), suggesting regional-scale dispersion, whereas gaseous pollutants exhibited weak or negative correlations, pointing to localized sources. SEM analysis revealed a shift from irregular crustal particles to predominantly spherical combustion-derived particles (0.1–30 μm) during festivities, confirming pyrotechnic origins. Health risk assessment showed concerning results: the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (hazard index = 1.82) exceeded safe limits, and the carcinogenic risk (3.5 × 10⁻5) was 2.69 times above the acceptable threshold, mainly due to chromium and lead. Air Quality Index values consistently worsened across sites, changing from “Satisfactory” (57–92) to “Moderate” (139–197), with PM₂.₅ as the dominant pollutant.