<p>A comprehensive assessment of the anthropogenic transformation of soils in the Rostov agglomeration was carried out using principal component analysis. Based on data from 45 chemical and physical parameters, natural (Ah, A, B), buried (Ab, Bb), and anthropogenic (UR) soil horizons were analyzed. The first four principal components were found to explain 78.3% of the total data variance. Two dominant factors of transformation were identified, which are primarily reflected in the first two principal components: PC1 (36.94% of variance), reflecting processes of physical degradation due to technogenic sand input and associated carbonate pollution (high loadings for sand, inorganic carbon (IC), and Ca content), and PC2 (21.41% of variance), associated with toxic pollution by heavy metals and phosphorus (high negative loadings for Pb, As, Zn, Sr, and P). Analysis of the contribution of individual parameters to the total variance revealed the most significant indicators: Mg, Pb, As, Si, Ca, P, Sr, and TOC. A smaller but statistically significant contribution was made by PC3 (14.25%, carbon and alkaline element balance—Ca and Mg) and PC4 (5.67%, which probably reflects the processes of soil acidification and deterioration of its structure). Clustering in the principal component analysis space confirmed a clear separation of horizons by type and degree of anthropogenic impact, mainly for the first two principal components. The results demonstrate that urbanization leads to a complex transformation of the soil cover, expressed in three main processes: physical degradation (technogenic sand input), chemical pollution (heavy metals), and disruption of the carbon balance (decrease in organic and increase in inorganic carbon). The obtained data allow for the ranking of risk factors and form the basis for developing priority measures for monitoring and remediation of soils in large agglomerations of the European South of Russia.</p>