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<p>Haveli district lies within the outer Himalayan range and supports a temperate climate with cold winters and mild summers. Despite its ecological significance, plant diversity in this region remains poorly documented. This study investigated species composition and diversity across elevational, habitat, and aspect gradients within this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Vegetation surveys were conducted along 24 altitudinal transects (1329–1982 m), revealing a pronounced mid-elevation peak in biodiversity (1345–1586 m). A total of 101 vascular plant species from 44 families were recorded, with Asteraceae (14 spp.), Rosaceae (8 spp.), Fabaceae (6 spp.), and Lamiaceae (6 spp.) being the most dominant. Diversity indices varied across sites, with the highest values recorded at Chanjal (1502 m) and the lowest at Hillan (1982 m). Species richness peaked in Kalamula (1.427) and declined to 0.909 at Kalali. Soil properties also varied substantially, with maximum pH (8.54) at Khurshadabad, bulk density (1.18 g.cm<sup>3</sup>) at Sangal, total nitrogen (0.06%) at Kala Mulla and Budal, and organic matter (3.09%) at Budal. Regression coefficients indicated weak but measurable effects of elevation on diversity, climatic, and physicochemical traits. NDVI analysis revealed healthier and denser vegetation in central and eastern uplands, while peripheral zones exhibited sparser cover linked to human disturbance. Land-use mapping showed forest dominance in central highlands, transitioning to mixed forest and built-up areas at lower elevations. These findings highlight Haveli Kahuta’s biodiversity significance and underscore the need for conservation strategies addressing deforestation, overgrazing, and land-use pressures.</p>

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Ecological Insights into Plant Diversity and Distribution Along Environmental Gradients in Haveli Kahuta, Pakistan

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月7日

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  • Syed Tahir Hussain Bukhari,
  • Khawaja Shafique Ahmad,
  • Muhammad Tayyib Riaz,
  • Majid Mahmood Tahir,
  • Ansar Mehmood,
  • Ummar Iqbal,
  • Tajmal Imtiaz,
  • Hazem M. Kalaji,
  • Manzer H. Siddiqui

摘要

Haveli district lies within the outer Himalayan range and supports a temperate climate with cold winters and mild summers. Despite its ecological significance, plant diversity in this region remains poorly documented. This study investigated species composition and diversity across elevational, habitat, and aspect gradients within this Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Vegetation surveys were conducted along 24 altitudinal transects (1329–1982 m), revealing a pronounced mid-elevation peak in biodiversity (1345–1586 m). A total of 101 vascular plant species from 44 families were recorded, with Asteraceae (14 spp.), Rosaceae (8 spp.), Fabaceae (6 spp.), and Lamiaceae (6 spp.) being the most dominant. Diversity indices varied across sites, with the highest values recorded at Chanjal (1502 m) and the lowest at Hillan (1982 m). Species richness peaked in Kalamula (1.427) and declined to 0.909 at Kalali. Soil properties also varied substantially, with maximum pH (8.54) at Khurshadabad, bulk density (1.18 g.cm3) at Sangal, total nitrogen (0.06%) at Kala Mulla and Budal, and organic matter (3.09%) at Budal. Regression coefficients indicated weak but measurable effects of elevation on diversity, climatic, and physicochemical traits. NDVI analysis revealed healthier and denser vegetation in central and eastern uplands, while peripheral zones exhibited sparser cover linked to human disturbance. Land-use mapping showed forest dominance in central highlands, transitioning to mixed forest and built-up areas at lower elevations. These findings highlight Haveli Kahuta’s biodiversity significance and underscore the need for conservation strategies addressing deforestation, overgrazing, and land-use pressures.