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<p>The global petroleum sector is an important contributor to economic growth and industrialization<i>,</i> yet its activities generate large quantities of hazardous waste products<i>,</i> including hydrocarbons and heavy metals<i>,</i> increasing significant environmental, ecological, and health challenges<i>.</i> In recent years, the field of nanobioremediation, particularly through biomass-mediated nanomaterials, has emerged as a promising alternative for effective waste treatment<i>.</i> Nanomaterials synthesized from biogenic sources such as microbes, plants, and algae have unique properties such as high surface area, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility, which significantly enhance adsorption, catalytic degradation, and transformation of toxic contaminants. For example, plant-extract-synthesized iron nanoparticles have demonstrated over 85–92% degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within 10&#xa0;days, outperforming conventional chemical remediation methods (40–60%) while reducing treatment costs by up to 30–40%. Compared to conventional remediation methods, biomass-derived nanomaterials offer superior removal efficiencies, reduced operational costs, and improved environmental safety, while minimizing secondary pollution<i>.</i> This review provides an in-depth exploration of their synthesis, characteristics, and applications<i>,</i> with emphasis on comparative performance against traditional remediation techniques.</p> Graphical abstract <p></p>

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Biomass-mediated nanomaterials for petroleum refinery waste remediation: a comprehensive review of mechanisms and applications

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2026年1月3日

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  • Shweta Tiwari,
  • Pawan Kumar Bhargawa,
  • Rajesh Kumar

摘要

The global petroleum sector is an important contributor to economic growth and industrialization, yet its activities generate large quantities of hazardous waste products, including hydrocarbons and heavy metals, increasing significant environmental, ecological, and health challenges. In recent years, the field of nanobioremediation, particularly through biomass-mediated nanomaterials, has emerged as a promising alternative for effective waste treatment. Nanomaterials synthesized from biogenic sources such as microbes, plants, and algae have unique properties such as high surface area, catalytic activity, and biocompatibility, which significantly enhance adsorption, catalytic degradation, and transformation of toxic contaminants. For example, plant-extract-synthesized iron nanoparticles have demonstrated over 85–92% degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within 10 days, outperforming conventional chemical remediation methods (40–60%) while reducing treatment costs by up to 30–40%. Compared to conventional remediation methods, biomass-derived nanomaterials offer superior removal efficiencies, reduced operational costs, and improved environmental safety, while minimizing secondary pollution. This review provides an in-depth exploration of their synthesis, characteristics, and applications, with emphasis on comparative performance against traditional remediation techniques.

Graphical abstract