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<p>Vegetation growing in iron-rich formations in Brazil experiences extreme pedoclimates, due to the physical and chemical properties of cemented ironstone, which promote very high temperatures and low soil moisture. However, little information is available on these dynamics. Thus, this study investigated the water and temperature regimes of iron-rich soils in Serra de Carajás to better understand their influence on vegetation and support ecological monitoring and conservation efforts. A datalogger system with temperature and soil moisture sensors was installed across three vegetation formations and adjacent termite mounds: Open Ferruginous Herbaceous Rupestrian Grasslands (HRG); Ferruginous Shrubby Rupestrian Grasslands (SRG) and Capão Forest (CF). Time series stationarity and trends for the soil temperature were assessed using Box–Pierce, augmented Dickey–Fuller, and Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess. Shallow Petric Plinthosols under HRG showed the highest temperature range, with prolonged surface temperatures exceeding 50&#xa0;°C and peaks above 60&#xa0;°C. In contrast, the thermal and hydrological regimes of CF and SRG, are much less severe than HRG. Termite activity mitigated this trend, and termite mounds, at fine scale, positively act as a buffering substrate for plant growth, since the overall annual temperatures underneath the mounds, are lower than the surface temperatures. The HRG represents one of the most extreme soil temperature scenarios among the vegetation monitored. The thermal regime and water availability, governed by soil depth, combined with intense termite activity, are key factors in explaining the distributions of most plant species in Ferruginous Rupestrian Grasslands, a rare and endangered ecosystem.</p>

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Extreme stress environment: unmatched temperature and water regimes of rupestrian grasslands on canga (ferricrete, ironstone) at Carajás (Eastern Amazonia, Brazil)

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月8日

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  • Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud Schaefer,
  • Roberto Ferreira Machado Michel,
  • Jaquelina Alves Nunes,
  • Guilherme Resende Corrêa,
  • Elpídio Inácio Fernandes-Filho,
  • Wendelo Silva Costa,
  • Bruno Araujo Furtado de Mendonça

摘要

Vegetation growing in iron-rich formations in Brazil experiences extreme pedoclimates, due to the physical and chemical properties of cemented ironstone, which promote very high temperatures and low soil moisture. However, little information is available on these dynamics. Thus, this study investigated the water and temperature regimes of iron-rich soils in Serra de Carajás to better understand their influence on vegetation and support ecological monitoring and conservation efforts. A datalogger system with temperature and soil moisture sensors was installed across three vegetation formations and adjacent termite mounds: Open Ferruginous Herbaceous Rupestrian Grasslands (HRG); Ferruginous Shrubby Rupestrian Grasslands (SRG) and Capão Forest (CF). Time series stationarity and trends for the soil temperature were assessed using Box–Pierce, augmented Dickey–Fuller, and Seasonal and Trend decomposition using Loess. Shallow Petric Plinthosols under HRG showed the highest temperature range, with prolonged surface temperatures exceeding 50 °C and peaks above 60 °C. In contrast, the thermal and hydrological regimes of CF and SRG, are much less severe than HRG. Termite activity mitigated this trend, and termite mounds, at fine scale, positively act as a buffering substrate for plant growth, since the overall annual temperatures underneath the mounds, are lower than the surface temperatures. The HRG represents one of the most extreme soil temperature scenarios among the vegetation monitored. The thermal regime and water availability, governed by soil depth, combined with intense termite activity, are key factors in explaining the distributions of most plant species in Ferruginous Rupestrian Grasslands, a rare and endangered ecosystem.