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<p>This study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of solid and liquid forms of chicken manures in the biostimulation process to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from heavily oil–contaminated soils. Soil samples were spiked with petroleum hydrocarbon products mixture (PHPM), comprising of diesel, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, and naphthalene. The oil-contaminated soils were amended with varying proportions (0%, 10%, and 20% by weight relative to 1&#xa0;kg of soil) of composted chicken manure (CCM) and liquid chicken manure (LCM). These treated petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted mineral soils (TPHPMSS) were arranged in a greenhouse methodically and monitored over a period of 336&#xa0;days. Soil samples were collected on days 1, 14, 28, 56, 84, 168, and 336, and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content using standardized sample preparation and analytical procedures. Results showed that the 20% application of either CCM or LCM yielded the highest TPH removal rates, achieving reductions of 89% and 81%, respectively, by day 336. However, the 10% treatments (whether CCM or LCM was used), produced higher biostimulation efficiency (BE), ranging from 3.84 to 7.64 for CCM and 4.02 to 6.42 for LCM. In contrast, the 20% treatments exhibited lower BE values, ranging between 1.66–4.47 (CCM) and 1.77–4.05 (LCM) over the 56–336-day remediation period. The study revealed the potentials of liquid chicken manure to be more efficient and therefore, more viable and cost-effective approach for landfarming of heavily petroleum–contaminated soils when compared to the composted form of the same manure source.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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The effective application rates and efficiency of organic stimulation for optimal landfarming of heavily petroleum hydrocarbon–polluted soils

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年11月5日

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  • Stephen U. Oghoje,
  • Chris Ejeomo,
  • Emmanuel Arienmughare,
  • Ikhazuage H. Ifijen,
  • Mabel A. Afure,
  • Onos O. Emoyan,
  • Justina E,
  • Ukpebor,
  • Emmanuel E. Ukpebor,
  • Patience O. Agbaire

摘要

This study compared the effectiveness and efficiency of solid and liquid forms of chicken manures in the biostimulation process to remove petroleum hydrocarbons from heavily oil–contaminated soils. Soil samples were spiked with petroleum hydrocarbon products mixture (PHPM), comprising of diesel, benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylene, and naphthalene. The oil-contaminated soils were amended with varying proportions (0%, 10%, and 20% by weight relative to 1 kg of soil) of composted chicken manure (CCM) and liquid chicken manure (LCM). These treated petroleum hydrocarbon-polluted mineral soils (TPHPMSS) were arranged in a greenhouse methodically and monitored over a period of 336 days. Soil samples were collected on days 1, 14, 28, 56, 84, 168, and 336, and analyzed for total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) content using standardized sample preparation and analytical procedures. Results showed that the 20% application of either CCM or LCM yielded the highest TPH removal rates, achieving reductions of 89% and 81%, respectively, by day 336. However, the 10% treatments (whether CCM or LCM was used), produced higher biostimulation efficiency (BE), ranging from 3.84 to 7.64 for CCM and 4.02 to 6.42 for LCM. In contrast, the 20% treatments exhibited lower BE values, ranging between 1.66–4.47 (CCM) and 1.77–4.05 (LCM) over the 56–336-day remediation period. The study revealed the potentials of liquid chicken manure to be more efficient and therefore, more viable and cost-effective approach for landfarming of heavily petroleum–contaminated soils when compared to the composted form of the same manure source.

Graphical Abstract