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Abstract <p>Toxicity studies using soil invertebrates are valuable tools for assessing soil quality. This study evaluated the effects of field-collected and artificially spiked home garden soils on <i>Eisenia andrei</i>, focusing on both acute and chronic toxicity. Field soils from an industrial area (zone 1) contained elevated levels of zinc (43.76&#xa0;mg/kg) and cadmium (183.07&#xa0;mg/kg), which significantly impacted the earthworms’ growth, reproduction, and survival. Notable effects included high avoidance behaviour (&gt; 80%), the lowest LC<sub>50</sub> value (18.36% soil), a 28.95% reduction in biomass, and decreased cocoon hatchability (43.33%), compared to soils from less contaminated zones (zones 2 and 3). In spiked soils, LC<sub>50</sub> values followed the order: Zn (656.55&#xa0;µg/g) &lt; Cd (107.65&#xa0;µg/g) &lt; Zn + Cd (199.13&#xa0;µg/g for Zn; 132.75&#xa0;µg/g for Cd). The most pronounced biomass reduction occurred in both zone 1 soils (28.95%) and Zn + Cd treatments (74.36%), with cocoon hatchability similarly reduced (43.33% in zone 1 and 23.57% in Zn + Cd-treated soils). Bioconcentration analysis showed no significant metal accumulation in the earthworms from either field or spiked soils. The Mixed Toxicity Index (MTI) suggested an antagonistic interaction between Zn and Cd (MTI &lt; 0), indicating that the presence of one metal may lessen the toxicity of the other. These findings highlight the harmful effects of industrial soil contaminants on soil invertebrates and emphasize the potential for mitigating these impacts through strategic soil nutrient management.</p> Graphical Abstract <p></p>

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Ecotoxicological evaluation of spiked and field-contaminated soils from agro-ecosystems in an industrial zone (Eloor, India) using Eisenia andrei

  • 期刊论文

  • 发表日期：

    2025年9月15日

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  • Lakshmi Gopakumar,
  • Ammini Joseph,
  • Isaac Sarojini Bright Singh,
  • Jayesh Puthumana

摘要

Abstract

Toxicity studies using soil invertebrates are valuable tools for assessing soil quality. This study evaluated the effects of field-collected and artificially spiked home garden soils on Eisenia andrei, focusing on both acute and chronic toxicity. Field soils from an industrial area (zone 1) contained elevated levels of zinc (43.76 mg/kg) and cadmium (183.07 mg/kg), which significantly impacted the earthworms’ growth, reproduction, and survival. Notable effects included high avoidance behaviour (> 80%), the lowest LC50 value (18.36% soil), a 28.95% reduction in biomass, and decreased cocoon hatchability (43.33%), compared to soils from less contaminated zones (zones 2 and 3). In spiked soils, LC50 values followed the order: Zn (656.55 µg/g) < Cd (107.65 µg/g) < Zn + Cd (199.13 µg/g for Zn; 132.75 µg/g for Cd). The most pronounced biomass reduction occurred in both zone 1 soils (28.95%) and Zn + Cd treatments (74.36%), with cocoon hatchability similarly reduced (43.33% in zone 1 and 23.57% in Zn + Cd-treated soils). Bioconcentration analysis showed no significant metal accumulation in the earthworms from either field or spiked soils. The Mixed Toxicity Index (MTI) suggested an antagonistic interaction between Zn and Cd (MTI < 0), indicating that the presence of one metal may lessen the toxicity of the other. These findings highlight the harmful effects of industrial soil contaminants on soil invertebrates and emphasize the potential for mitigating these impacts through strategic soil nutrient management.

Graphical Abstract